120 Impurities in Milk and Butter. 
should be enough to let her stand and lie down straight, 
without being able to turn round and lie across it. The gutters 
behind the stalls should be eight inches deep, and of sufficient 
width to allow shovels and brooms to be used freely for clean- 
ing out the manure. 
The cows should be fastened by the neck with a chain or 
strap attached to a ring on a short length of chain, with a 
swivel, working up and down a bar of iron two feet long, 
which should be fastened vertically to the side of the stall, 
about two inches in front of the manger. The chain or strap 
should be tied to the ring with cord, so that in the event of 
anything going wrong with the cow, the cord can be cut at 
once and the animal set free. 
I give below the measurements of cow stalls, each to hold 
two cows. I have found by experience that in stalls of these 
dimensions the cattle will be comparatively clean. Two sets of 
figures have been given to suit the larger and smaller breeds of 
cattle. 
Total length of stall from outside wall of 
Shorthorn 
ft. in. 
Jersey 
ft. in. 
manger to back of the standing 
7 
3 
6 
9 
Width of stall to take two cows. 
8 
0 
7 
0 
Width of manger from front to back. 
1 
10 
1 
10 
Depth of manger from front to back . 
0 
9 
0 
9 
Depth of gutter behind cows 
0 
8 
0 
8 
Width of gutter ..... 
2 
0 
2 
0 
Height of hay rack from bottom of manger 
to bottom of hay rack .... 
4 
0 
4 
0 
Height of hay rack ..... 
2 
0 
2 
0 
The floor of the stalls should be level, 
and 
both 
the 
stalls 
and the gutter should be well littered with straw. 
In such standings cattle should keep clean, while with 
more room they will be found to get dirty. They soon get 
accustomed to the comparatively small dimensions of the 
stall, and the labour saved to the men who look after them 
is considerable. In my own buildings one set of cow stalls 
was accidentally made six inches too long. The cattle were 
very dirty in those stalls until a reduction in the length was 
made, when they lay perfectly clean again. The great secret 
in building cow stalls is to make the cows lie down exactly 
in the same spot where they stand to feed, and this can only 
be attained by building the mangers on the floor level and of 
such a height that the cows can rest their heads over the 
manger when lying down. 
Cows . — The work of cleaning cows, if standing in stalls 
such as described above, will be found to be comparatively 
light. Before milking, the manure should all be removed 
from the cowsheds and the hind quarters and udders of the 
cows brushed over, or, if necessary, washed. 
