Hides damaged by Warbles and Barbed Wire. 207 
for farmers in the counties supporting the College. Finally, 
a quantity of new apparatus, or of modified forms of existing 
apparatus, as used at the College, was shown and explained to 
visitors interested. 
National Fruit and Cider Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol. — 
The exhibits were representative of the experimental work 
which is being carried on at the Institute in connection with 
fruit growing and cider making. Demonstration specimens 
illustrating the different methods of budding and grafting Avere 
shown side by side Avith the living trees which had been 
propagated by those means. Apple and pear trees in pots, 
including seedlings, one-year-old stocks, and budded and 
grafted stocks showing the one- and tAvo-year-old growths from 
the time of working were also exhibited. The varieties shown 
were representative of the best cider and perry sorts. Speci- 
mens of the leading varieties of cider and perry fruit, preserved 
in cold storage ; fruit trees attacked by the most common insect 
pests and disease-producing fungi, as well as cultures of the 
fungi themselves ; apparatus for the pruning, spraying, &c., 
of fruit trees ; specimens showing the results of good and 
bad pruning, and demonstrations of various methods of 
bottling fruit, were also included. Photographs illustrating the 
orchard and nursery Avork, and shoAving methods of fencing 
and protecting young fruit trees in orchards, supplemented 
these exhibits. 
The cider section included bottled samples (for purposes of 
tasting) of ciders made from single varieties of cider and perry 
fruit ; of various blends of these and also of others fermented 
with special yeasts ; various utensils used in cider making ; 
cultures of different types of yeasts and other organisms found 
in cider, and also of some of the more important bacteria 
which produce disorders of cider ; charts showing the varying 
rates of fermentation in different ciders, and photographs of the 
cider-house and machinery. 
Hides damaged by Warbles and Barbed Wire. — Messrs. 
Michael Cozens & Sons, of Walsall, exhibited a series of raw 
and tanned hides, showing (1) the results of neglecting to treat 
live stock against the ravages of the warble fly and (2) the 
damage caused to cattle by the careless use of barbed Avire. One 
of the hides exhibited, which was received from the slaughter- 
man in May, 1906, contained 250 Avarble holes ; another 
contained 200 holes. It is estimated that 80 per cent, of the 
hides of cattle are damaged in this way, and also that 85 per 
cent, of the hides are cut or pierced by means of barbed wire. 
Both of these sources of mischief cause much distress to the 
animals and a great annual loss to farmers and the leather 
trade. 
