Hereford Cattle. 
59 
hay, roots and about 2 lb. of crashed oats and cake each per 
day. Those to be kept for bulls of course get more liberal 
treatment. When turned to grass the following spring the 
young stock get no extra food. In the second year they are 
fed upon straw and turnips, with sometimes a little hay. The 
cows get straw and a few roots until they calve, afterwards 
a little hay in addition. The stock bulls are kept inside, but 
are not fed at all highly. When about two years old they 
usually live upon hay and roots, and in the summer upon cut 
grass, vetches, clover, &c. 
Mr. Turner houses all his stock in winter in open sheds, 
cowhouses and stalls. His buildings are made of wood, and 
are very cold and draughty. He thinks his cattle do better in 
these buildings than in covered yards and closed boxes. They 
are hardier and less liable to chill and other diseases. The 
cows and heifers get a few hours run in the pastures daily 
during the winter. Abortion is almost unknown amongst 
Mr. Turner’s cattle, and during forty years he did not have 
more than one case per year. This immunity he attributes to 
a regular system of feeding and always endeavouring to keep 
the cows in the same condition. The few male calves made 
into steers are sold to the butcher before they are eighteen 
months old. 
Wherever beef is required, or in foreign countries where 
the cattle need grading up, there the Hereford bull is found, 
because first of all the Hereford will cross satisfactorily with 
almost any breed, and secondly because the Hereford bull is so 
impressive a sire that he leaves his stamp on his get more than 
any other breed. Cross-bred calves by a Hereford bull almost 
invariably have correct Hereford markings, no matter what 
colour or breed the dam may be. On the ranches of the far 
West the Hereford bull has proved his worth as a cross, 
and steers in thousands can be seen in the Chicago stock 
yards, all as like as peas, though only grade cattle with one 
pure cross. The cross is nearly always from the Hereford bull, 
the crosses with the cow not being so common. 
The following averages obtained at auction sales for the 
dispersion of breeders’ herds will convey a better idea of 
values than can be got by quoting outstanding prices for 
individual animals with showyard records. 
At a sale by auction in September, 1912, of the 
herd of Mr. Arthur P. Turner, 163 animals including 
calves averaged 63/. each, whilst nineteen animals sold 
for over 100 guineas each. The highest prices were 360 
guineas for the stock bull u Mariner ” (28468), 300 guineas 
for a bull-calf named “ Rufus ” (sold for export to New 
Zealand), 160 guineas for another bull-calf (for South 
