Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains. 81 
effect of this is that the mole drain lets the water through the 
pan and delivers it into the old pipe drains wherever the 
two types of drain cross. Even in these cases, however, I 
like to connect the mole drains to the main. 
Mole-draining is usually done with steam power, and most 
engines pull 10 chains with a double rope, i.e., a continuous 
rope working round a pulley on the mole plough. This double 
FIG. 1 
DOTTED L/NES MOLE DRA/NS, 
PLA/N L/NES OLD DEEP PIPE ORA //VO. 
rope is very much better than a single rope, as the plough does 
its work without jerking. Ten chains is quite long enough for 
a mole drain in ordinary cases, and on flat fields this is too 
long, without an intercepting main. Lay out your mains 
accordingly, using 3 in. or 4 in. pipes according to the acreage 
to be drained. On very heavy clay it is a good plan to put a 
layer of bushes, preferably blackthorn, over the pipes before 
filling in the drains. 
The mains should be all ready by the beginning of April. 
Holes should be dug at the main at the point where each minor 
will come, about 4 ft. long, and of the required depth, and one 
2 in. pipe should be connected to the main at these spots when 
the main is being laid. These holes are called eyes, and are 
made when the main is being dug. 
The procedure is then as follows : — One engine will go to 
one end of the field and the other to the other end. The work 
commences by dropping the mole plough into the first eyehole 
at the main, and then the engine begins hauling. The plough 
will travel nearly as fast as a man can walk. A man sits or 
stands on it to steer it, so that it is perfectly easy to follow 
crooked or S shaped lands or any ordinary curve (Fig. 3). The 
head drainer on the estate, or some other responsible person, 
should follow the plough to be ready to put in a peg at any 
point where the i plough is seen to jump. The jumping means 
