86 Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains. 
stone walls built with large flat stones on the same batter as the 
ditch appear to last longer, but the problem is to find a cheap 
and effectual mouth where no local stone is available. I have 
used three 2 ft. glazed socketted pipes cemented together 
for the last 6 ft. of main with very good results. At first, 
framed, oak posts were put at the mouth with iron rods to form 
a grating to prevent rabbits going into the drain, but a cheaper 
way is to turn the socket pipes the wrong way, so that the 
socket, and not the spigot, is in the ditch. Into the socket two 
rods of iron are cemented so as to form a grate, and no posts 
are then needed. This latter method is the best for pipe 
drains, but for pipe mains taking mole drains it is advisable 
to be able to move the grating so that stones and gravel can 
be removed. Whenever a drain mouth is put into a ditch 
a large flat stone should without 1 ail be put at the bottom of 
the ditch to take the splash of the water. This stone also 
serves another important purpose, namely, to show clearly to 
what depth the ditch should be cleaned out. 
The illustrations on pp. 84 and 85 show an up-to-date mole 
plough for use with engines, the first, out of the ground, the 
second, dropped into an eye ready to start work. The front 
wheels are 2 ft. 3 in. high and 2 ft. apart ; the back wheels are 
5 ft. 6 in. high and 5 ft. apart ; the distance between front and 
back wheels is 10 ft. The beam is of iron, and where it runs 
on the ground is 9 in. wide and 6 ft. long. 
The mole is 2 ft. long and 3J in. in diameter, and it is 
brought to a chisel point. The bar holding the mole is 8 in. 
by 1 in., and is capable of dropping, if required, 3 ft. into the 
ground. The stay to the mole is 3 in. by § in. 
The gear for winding the plough out of the ground is now 
fixed behind the back wheels, and, as already described, the 
steersman gets down and winds the plough out before the 
engine stops. The trailer behind the mole I personally object 
to, as I have found it does not work very well, and I alwavs 
have it removed. 
Generally speaking, about half a chain all round the field is 
not drained. The following table gives the approximate cost 
per acre for drains at different distances apart : — 
Yards 
apart 
of 
Drains 
Num- 
ber of 
Chains 
to the 
Acre 
Cost 
of 
Steam 
Work 
per 
Chain 
Total 
Cost 
of 
Steam 
Work 
Cost 
of 
Coal 
Total 
for 
Mole 
Drains 
only 
Renovat- 
ing Old 
Mains, 
Eyes, and 
Super- 
vision 
New 
Mains, 
Eyes, 
and 
Super- 
vision 
Total 
Cost 
with 
Old 
Mains 
Total 
Cost 
with 
New 
Mains 
d. 
s. d. 
s. 
d. 
s . 
d. 
s . 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. d. 
s. d. 
7 
25 
4 
8 4 
1 
0 
9 
4 
2 
6 
10 
0 
11 10 
19 4 
9 
20 
4 
6 8 
0 
11 
7 
7 
2 
6 
9 
6 
10 1 
17 1 
11 
16 
4 
5 4 
0 
9 
6 
1 
2 
0 
9 
0 
8 1 
15 1 
13 
11 
4 
3 10 
0 
8 
4 
6 
2 
0 
9 
0 
6 6 
13 6 
