35 
of the United States . 
form, reaching beyond the wings nearly three inches ; osseous 
carina large: length eleven and a half inches. 
Female similar to the male, but less brilliant : length 
eleven inches. 
Purple GraJde , Gracula quiscala , Wils. Am. Orn. Hi. 
p. 44. pi. 21 . Jig. 4 . male and Common Crow- Blackbird 3 
Quiscalus versicolor , nob. Am. Orn . veil i. p. 42. pi. 5. Jig- 1. 
female. 
Inhabits throughout the United States ; wintering in the 
south : common. 
57. Quiscalus ferrtjgineus, nob. Glossy-black, more or less 
skirted with ferruginous ; tail nearly even : length nine inches. 
Female nearly equal to the male; head, neck and breast, 
ferruginous-brown; belly and rump ash. 
Rusty Grakle, Gracula ferruginea, Wils. Am. Orn. vol. in. 
p. 41. pi. 21. fig. a. male in spring. 
Inhabits throughout the United States, winters in the 
south : extends its migrations as far north even as to the 
Arctic circle : rather less common than the preceding. (9.) 
11. CORVUS. 
Corvus , L. Gm. Lath. Cuv. 111. Temm. Ranz. 
Corvus , Pica , Garrulus , Briss. Vieill. 
Bill covered at base with setaceous incumbent porrect 
feathers, straight, convex, cultrate-compressed; upper mandible 
curved at tip ; lower somewhat shorter, carinated on the sides, 
little ascending at tip : nostrils basal, patulous, covered by 
the incumbent feathers : tongue short, cartilaginous, acute 
and bifid at tip. Tarsus hardly longer than the middle toe ; 
toes separated almost to the base, middle one longest, inner 
shorter than the outer, and subequal in length to the hind toe ; 
nails moderate, acute, beneath canaliculate, and sharp edged ; 
hind one generally longer. Wings subelongated, acute; 
first primary short ; third or fourth longest. Tail of twelve 
feathers. 
