of the United States . 
105 
160^ Tanagra rubra, L. Red; wings and emarginate tail 
black ; base of the plumage ash, then white. 
Female, young and autumnal male, green ; beneath yel- 
low ; wings and tail blackish. 
Scarlet Tanager , Tanagra rubra , Wils . Am. Orn. ii. p. 
42. pi, li .fig. 3. male, fig. 4. female. 
Inhabits, during summer, all North America, where it 
breeds ; winters in tropical America. 
161. Tanagra estiva, Gm. Red; inner vanes and tips of 
the quill feathers dusky ; tail even. 
Female, young, and autumnal male, yellow-olive. 
Summ Red-bird, Tanagra cestiva, Wils. Am. Orn. i . p. 
95 .pi. 6. fig. 3. male, fig. 4 . female. 
Inhabits the southern and middle states during summer: 
rare in the latter ; common in the southern and south-western, 
Mexico, &c. 
162. Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Greenish-yellow; anterior 
part of the head light scarlet ; back, wings, and tail, black ; 
wings bifasciate with yellow. 
Louisiana Tanager, Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Am. Orn . 
Hi, p 3 27 . pi. 20. fig. 1. 
Inhabits territories beyond the Mississippi, in the exten- 
sive plains of Missouri, between the Osage and Mandan 
nations. 
34. FRINGILLA. 
Fringilla, Loxia, Emberiza, L. Gm. Lath. Fringilla. Ilh 
Cuv. TemmjRanz . Carduelis, Passer, Coccothraustes, Hor- 
tulanus, Briss. Coccothraustes, Fringilla, Linaria, Passe- 
rina, Arremon, Pipilo, Vieill. 
Bill short, robust, conic on all sides, usually entire ; -up- 
per mandible wider than the lower, somewhat turgid, a lit- 
tle inclined at tip ; edges of the lower angular towards the 
base : nostrils basal, rounded, open, covered by the frontlet 
