114 
Synopsis of the Birds 
Loxia ludoviciana,L.Gm.Lath. Fringilla punicea,Gm. Lath • 
Inhabits the northern states, and occasionally in winter, 
the middle : rare. 
190. Fringilla cjerulea, Nob. Blue; lores, frontlet, wings 
and tail, black ; wings skirted with chesnut ; bill bluish. 
Blue Grosbeak , Loxia ccerulea , fVils. Am. Orn . Hi. p. 78* 
pi- 24. fig. 6. 
Inhabits America from Brazil to Virginia ; visits Pennsyl- 
vania occasionally in summer: rare. 
191. Fringilla purpurea, Gm. Rosaceous; back streaked 
with dusky ; belly white ; tail emarginate. 
Female and young, brown-olive, streaked with dusky; 
no rosaceous ; beneath whitish, streaked with olive-brown. 
Autumnal male, the same as the female, but the rump 
strongly tinged with yellow. 
Purple Finch , Fringilla purpurea , Wils . Am. Orn. i. p , 
119. pi. 7. fig. 4. adult male in full plumage; and v. p. 87. pi. 
42. fig. 3. male in winter plumage. 
Inhabits the United States, during winter ; breeds in the 
North of America, whence they arrive in Pennsylvania in large 
flocks, in the autumn, and return from the south in April : 
rather rare. Hardly belonging to the present subgenus, but 
rather to Fringilla ; placed here however on account of its 
close affinity to the following species of Pyrrhula. 
35. PYRRHULA. 
Loxia, L. Gm. Lath. Fringilla , 111. Meyer [subg. Pyrrhula). 
Pyrrhula , Br.iss . Temm. Ranz. Fringilla ( subg . Pyrrhula ), 
Corythus , Cuv. Pyrrhula , Strobilophaga , Vieill. 
Bill very short, robust, conic-convex, turgid ; upper man- 
dible rather rounded above, dilated each side so as to cover 
