Tucberman.] 
472 
[Feb. 19, 
Leydig was likewise the first to call attention to the goblet- 
shaped sense-organs of reptiles. He found them in the skin and 
mouth of various snakes. According to Merkel, they are present 
in the Saurians only. They have been found in Anguis and La- 
certa , on the inner side of the upper and lower jaw, on the tuber- 
culum palatinum, and on the tongue. Structures homologous to 
the goblet-shaped organs of fishes and reptiles, the end-discs of 
batrachians and the taste-bulbs of mammals have not yet, as far 
as I am aware, been discovered in birds. 
There is still some difference of opinion among physiologists as 
to what regions of the mouth are endowed with taste ; but at all 
places where experiment has shown this sense to be present, there 
have been found, concealed in the stratified epithelium of the 
mucous membrane, small ovoidal or flask-shaped bodies. These 
structures are the peripheral organs of the gustatory nerves (that 
is, of the glosso-pharyngeal and of certain fibres of the lingual, 
the latter being probably primarily derived from the chorda 
tympani). These organs were discovered almost simultaneously, 
but quite independent^, in 1867, by Otto Christian Loven, of 
Stockholm, and Gustav Schwalbe. Schwalbe, now professor of 
anatomy in the university of Strassburg, was at that time a student 
in the laboratory of Max Schultze, at Bonn. To these newly dis- 
covered sensory terminal organs of mammalia Loven gave the 
name taste-buds or taste-bulbs, while Schwalbe called them taste- 
goblets, from their likeness to the homologous goblet-shaped 
bodies present in the epidermis of fishes. They have also been 
called epithelial-buds by Krause, end-buds by Merkel, and taste- 
knobs by Henle. Loven found them in the epithelium of the 
circumvallate papillae of the rat, rabbit, pig, sheep, calf, horse, 
dog and man, and in the fungiform papillae of the rat, rabbit and 
calf. Schwalbe studied them in the circumvallate papillae of the 
guinea-pig, rabbit, hare, pig, deer, sheep, ox, horse, dog, cat and 
man. He at first denied their existence in the fungiform papillae, 
but afterwards found them there. He also detected them in the 
rudimentary papillae foliatae of the pig. The anatomical descrip- 
tion of these organs, as given by Schwalbe, agrees in the main 
with the slightly earlier account of Loven. 
Within a year or so following the discovery of the taste-bulbs of 
mammals, Verson called attention to somewhat similar structures 
on the posterior surface of the epiglottis of man. Engelmann and 
v. Wyss discovered in 1869, but independently of each other, 
