1890 .] 
473 
[Tuckerman. 
taste-bulbs in the papillse foliatse of the rabbit and hare. v. Wyss 
also studied them in many mammals, including the hedgehog and 
squirrel, and at the same time Ynade some attempt at grouping 
them. Krause observed taste-bulbs in the fungiform and foliate 
papillae of man, and also found bulb-like structures on the poste- 
rior surface of the epiglottis of the sheep and rabbit. Ditlevsen 
made a comparative study of the taste-organs of mammals, inves- 
tigating in all some twenty-five species. About one-lialf of these, 
however, had already been studied. Hoffmann found taste-bulbs 
on the anterior surface of the soft palate and on the upper part of 
the uvula. Schofield has described them in the lower half of the 
posterior surface of the epiglottis of the dog and cat. Davis 
studied the bulb- shaped organs in the epiglottis of the rabbit, 
pig, calf, dog, cat and man, and found them on the upper and 
lower part of the posterior surface of that organ. In the dog he 
found them on the inner side of the arytenoid cartilages, on the ary- 
epiglottic folds, and in the epithelium of the true vocal cords. 
Later observers have found them on one or both surfaces of the 
epiglottis in the musk-rat, squirrel, mink, fox and other mammals. 
In 1873, v. Ebner pointed out that certain glands, differing in 
many respects from the mucous glands, and which he classed with 
those of the serous type, always occur in the parts of the tongue 
which contain taste-organs, and their ducts open into the furrows 
and trenches lined by the taste-bulbs. 
To recapitulate, the taste-bulbs of mammals have been found on 
the lateral area of the circum vallate and foliate papillae (and more 
rarely on their free surface), in the epithelium of the outer wall of 
the trench facing the circumvallate papilla, at the upper part of the 
fungiform papillae, in the soft palate and uvula, at the upper and 
lower part of the anterior and posterior surface of the epiglottis, 
on the inner side of the arytenoid cartilages, on the ary-epiglottic 
folds, on the vocal cords, and in other parts of the larynx. Of all 
these regions the lateral area of the circumvallate and foliate pa- 
pillae is preeminently the place where the taste-bulbs are found. 
The bulbs have been demonstrated in all mammals in which a care- 
ful search has been made for them. In addition to those already 
mentioned they have been found in the Insectivora, Chiroptera, 
Marsupialia, and Monotremata. They have yet to be studied in de- 
tail in the Quadrumana, Cetacea, Sirenia, and Edentata. 
It may be of interest at this point to say a word about the gus- 
