479 
[Tuckerman. 
after section of the glosso-pharyngeal nerve the taste-bulbs of the 
papillae on the corresponding side entirely disappear, while in those 
on the normal side (where the nerve remained intact) no change 
takes place. The bulbs of the side supplied by the divided nerve, 
degenerate within a short time and disappear completely by the 
fortieth day, while the investing cells are changed in a few months 
into ordinary epithelial cells. < 
The experiments of v. Vintschgau and Honigschmied have quite 
lately been reconfirmed and added to by Griffini, who studied the 
reproduction of the gustatory papillae and regeneration of the 
taste-bulbs in the rabbit and dog. From his experiments, it ap- 
pears that after excision of a foliate papilla of the rabbit, the 
area, corresponding to the part removed, is shortly revested with 
pavement epithelium. Later, from the sixteenth to the twentieth 
day a few small hemispherical elevations make their appearance, 
and these subsequently increase in size and number. During this 
period also many of the injured gland-ducts undergo repair, and 
communicate with the free surface of the epithelium. Within the 
secondary papillary processes of the elevations above referred to, 
taste-bulbs, lying partly in the mucosa (and in process of forma- 
tion), first make their appearance. Thirty days after the complete 
removal of the circumvallate papilla of the dog, a newly-formed 
papilla makes its appearance, having, however, the characters of 
the fungiform type. At the fortieth day (in a single instance 
only) a few taste-bulbs, situated at the lateral margin of the new 
papilla, were seen. Following section of the glosso-pharyngeals, 
the papillse are changed but slightly, but the taste-bulbs begin to 
degenerate within twenty-three hours. The taste-cells are first de- 
stroyed, disappearing completely by the fifth day ; the supporting 
cells soon after undergo atrophy, and by the twenty-eighth day no 
bulbs are visible. At the seventy-sixth day after the division of 
the nerves, bulbs in various stages of formation were seen ; but by 
the two hundred and ninth day, their development was still in- 
complete. 
The development of the taste-organs has been studied to some 
extent in the rabbit and in man. Hoffmann investigated the 
human embryo and new-born child for the purpose of studying 
the distribution of those organs in man. The earliest gustatory 
structures examined by him came from an embryo three and one- 
