14 
SURVIVAL, ON LAND AND SEA 
shaft. This section should form an angle of about 30 degrees 
with the long axis of the shaft and should be firmly lashed 
in position, using single strands from the canvas, to prevent 
slipping. A good point also can be made by using a nail from’ 
the rubber heel of your shoe. Drive it through the shaft at the 
desired angle, and lash to prevent splitting of the wood. As in 
the case of the heavy line on the grapple, make the smaller line 
fast to the end of the shaft of the hook with single ravelings for 
binding. Very efficient substitutes for the barbed or bearded 
fishhooks may be made of wood by using a latch barb. (Fig. 1, 
lower left and right. ) Excellent hooks may be fashioned 
from pins of all kinds. A safety pin may be used, or a bobby pin 
may be hammered to a flat point and cut diagonally using a 
knife blade as a cold chisel, and then shaped into a hook. A pin 
from a campaign bar, marksman bar, collar insignia, or other 
military insignia may be used. A pocket knife concealed with a 
split fish may boat a large sea bass. In making a hook from a 
knife be sure to block the blade about a quarter open with a 
small piece of wood (Fig. 1, upper right), lashing both firmly 
in place so the blade won’t open fully when the fish takes it. 
Lures are often more successful than live bait and should 
be tried frequently. If gamefish are in the neighborhood they 
will take lures without hesitation. Lures can be made from 
clothing or such trinkets as are at hand. (Fig. 1, lower 
center. ) 
When a fish having strong spines in the vertical fins has been 
taken these spines should be saved as very good hooks; use- 
ful needles, and excellent gigs can also be made with them. 
By cutting away the muscles at the base of the fin and slipping 
the spine backward it can be detached from the base of the 
