210 
with strongly raised ribs and reticulations. Flowers very small, 
green, in small heads arranged in a panicle. Fruit globular, to- 
mentose, about rf-inch through. The stem has the remarkable 
structure of other plants of the group and is yellow when cut 
The taste is very bitter. The root is known in trade as false 
Calumbai loot, and is said to have almost the same properties 
as the true Calumbar, being medicinally used for dyspepsia and 
fevei , in India. It contains Berberine. Ihe plant is a com- 
mon jungle climber here. 
According to Vaughan-Stevens, the sap from the stem and 
a decoction of the bark are added to the Ipoh-mixture, and New- 
bold also mentions its use by the Mentera tribe. There does not 
seem to be any really poisonous principle in the plant, and it is 
not easy to see why it should be mixed with the Ipoh. 
Miquelia cordata, King ( Olacineoe ). — S’lowung, is a slender 
climber with curious, oval beaked flattened, red fruit, which, 
according to Vaughan Stevens is added to the Antiaris mixture" 
It is a rare plant, only met with in Perak, and nothing is known 
of its properties. 
Pangium edule, Reinwt. ( Bixinece ). — The Payung or Ka- 
payung, a large tree with big ovate leaves, rather large axillary 
greenish-white flowers and oblong brown fruits a foot in length 
containing a number of large seeds nearly two inches long, woody 
and grooved, enclosed in an oily pulp. The seeds produce an oil 
used by the Malays for lighting and cooking, and according to 
Vaughan Stevens, are also used in making dart poison by the 
Panghans. He states that they are cut small and boiled for 
four hours in as little water as possible, and the pressed out 
juice is added to the other poisons. In some of the islands of 
the Archipelago the seeds are boiled, the kernel taken out and 
pounded, and then macerated in water and used as a sauce, but 
this is apparently not commonly done, as, unless very carefully 
prepared, it produces diarrhoea. The pounded seeds are used in 
Pahang to attract fish. The bark, however, thrown into 
water, is stated to act as a piscicide, and the juice of the leaves 
is used for curing ulcers, and the kernels, chewed (care being 
taken not to swallow the juice), are used for killing vermin. 
(Rumph, Herb. Amboinense). B 1 ume, who in Rumphia (Vol. 
IV, 21), gives a good account and figure of the plant, states that 
it is used as an anthelmintic. 
The poisonous principle has been shown by Greshoff (Nuttige 
Indische Plan ten ) to be Hydrocyanic acid, a sufficiently deadly 
blood-poison. y 
The tree occurs abundantly in Selangor, Pahang, and Perak 
and in most of the Eastern Archipelago. 
The allied genus, Hydnocarpus, contains several poisonous 
species, e.g., H. venenata Gaertn. of India, used to kill fish, and 
H.heterophylla of Java. A plant known as Sayang in Malacca 
appears to be a species of Hydnocarpus, and is stated there to be 
poisonous. 
