or in the ground. From this resting condition the full grown in- 
sect emerges, and this period of an insect s life is usually devoted 
to reproduction, the food, stored up as fat during the caterpil ar or 
orub stage, being sufficient, in many cases, also for the perfect in- 
sect All insects do not pass through these well-marked stages 
but no insect has wings until it has attained its perfect shape. 
These facts must be remembered in dealing with moths, buttermes, 
beetles and two-winged flies, as it is often possible to find one 
stage in their life when some remedy will be particularly effective. 
Insects may be caught in several ways The grubs of boring 
beetles can usually be cut out of the trees they attack. Tins must 
be done carefully, with as little injury to the tree as possible and 
the wound should be immediately tarred over. Trap logs are use- 
ful in some cases. If it is found that the perfect insects will attack 
other trees logs of these trees may be left lying on the ground to 
attract the beetles. These must be visited periodically and burnt 
when thev contain a large number of the insects. Catching the 
perfect insects by hand, as in the case of cacao beetles or grass- 
hoppers, and catching them in trays of molasses are also often 
valuable methods. , , r 
The selection of particular methods depends on a knowledge ot 
the habits of the insects, and the methods need to be modified to 
suit different insects. It is often convenient to catch some insects 
at one particular stage. Thus, boring insects are often well hidden 
in their early stage but emerge when they become perfect, then 
they may be caught. On the other hand, it is easier to destroy the 
caterpillars that eat many plants than it is to kill the butterflies or 
moths into which they eventually turn. Occasionally the eggs is 
the most readily destroyed stage in an insect s life. It is desirable 
therefore that full advantage should be taken of these points. 
The use of poisons offers a method that is generally applicable 
to insect attacks. Poisons are of two kinds, “ Stomach-poisons 
and ‘'Contact poisons”. The former destroy insects when eaten 
with their food, the latter destroy them when they come in contact 
with their bodies. Insects that bite leaves, bark er fruit and eat 
what they bite, can be killed by putting a stomach-poison on their 
food. These poisons are enumerated in list A. Clearly, this 
method is of no use against sucking insects, which push a slender 
tube into the plant and do not eat the outside, tor these, contact 
poisons are used, and since many sucking insects are fixed to the 
plant or move but little, this method is very effective, for such poi- 
sons see list B. r 
A number of poisons are enumerated below, with directions foi 
preparing them. By their aid the greater number of insects may- 
be destroyed, provided the applications are thorough and system- 
atic. There are many insects that need special treatment and the 
application of these poisons needs slight adaptation in many cases. 
A knowledge of the habits of the pest is the surest guide to good 
results, and the least amount of treatment will then give the desired 
result Substances poisonous to man should not be applied to 
fruit or vegetables immediately before they are to be picked. 
