16 
methods of grafting but the aim is the same in ail cases, and that 
is to effect complete unity between the two parts, scion and stock. 
The most common methods practised in England are known as 
whip, cleft, wedge, and saddle grafting, but in the East I have seen 
only one and that is grafting by approach, and which is also known 
as inarching. It is the most certain method and best suited for 
unskilled hands, and also 1 think for a climate which has no very 
decided seasons, but is a slow and tedious operation as compared 
to some of the others. The trouble and consequent slowness of 
this method is owing to the fact that the scion must be brought in 
contact with the stock and kept in that position until unity is 
effected before being severed from the parent plant, and in order 
to effect this it is necessary that the stocks be grown in pots or 
else planted quite close to the plant ftom which the graft is to be 
taken. This latter is practicable in the case of roses and largely 
practised in India, but in the case of fruit trees it involves not only 
growing the stocks in pots but an arrangement of staging and the 
labour of watering during a considerable period. 
The mode of operation is to remove from one side of the stock 
a portion of the bark and wood, and from the scion a correspond- 
ing portion, as nearly as possible of the same size and shape. The 
two cut surfaces are then placed in contact and tightly bandaged. 
When these have united the scion is severed from the parent tree 
at a point a little below the tie and henceforth draws its nourish- 
ment from the stock. By all the other methods Mentioned the 
scion is completely severed from the parent tree in the first instance 
and transferred direct to the stock and fitted according to one or 
other of the processes referred to as whip, saddle &c. After being 
carefully tied in position, air and moisture is excluded by a coating 
of clay or grafting wax. In a few experiment made here with these 
methods the results have hot been encouraging and I therefore 
advise the inexperienced to stick to the grafting by approach 
method which though comparatiely slow and tedious is sure. 
Buds. 
The object of budding is much the same as grafting and both 
methods are sometimes used for the same kind of plant; the latter 
being performed generally in the early spring when the sap is 
rising, and the former towards the end of summer, but while the 
sap is still running freely. Unless the latter condition prevails so 
that the bark separates freely from the wood, budding cannot be 
successfully performed. One advantage of budding over grafting 
is that in case of necessity every eye can be utilised and more 
plants of a given kind produced from a limited number of shoots. 
As in grafting, there is more than one way of budding but the 
most general and satisfactory is that termed T-budding, or Shield- 
budding. To explain this to the uninitiated without illustrations 
is a little difficult but the process is the insertion of a single eye, 
from the plant it is desired to propagate, between the bark and 
the wood of the one it is intended to use as a stock, anc! when it 
has “ taken ” to cut back the branch or stem of the stock on which 
