odour, etc. eg., Sandal wood, Teak, Deal, all of which have very 
distinctive odours. Again there are certain markings such as the 
satin like lustre of satin wood, the white mineral substances in the 
vessels of Teak, (apatite), etc. all of which give clues. As regards 
the bark, colour, thickness, texture, modeof stripping, should be 
observed. 
The following table is that given by Proffessor Marshall Ward, 
as a possible method of classification of timbers. I believe that it 
may prove of great help to those who have to do with timber, al- 
though I am unable so far to put in more than a very few Malayan 
timbers owing to my want of experience in those timbers. 
I. — Conifers. 
Wood except close to pith contains no true vessels, but resin 
canals sometimes occur in the autumn wood. Annual rings sharply 
marked by denser autumn zone. Medullary rays very fine and 
numerous. 
A. No resin canals present. 
(i) . No true heartwood can be distinguished. (Silver fir.) 
(ii) - Distinct heartwood. (All Pines and the Larch.) 
B. Resin canals present. 
(iii) . No true heartwood. eg., Spruce. 
(iv) . Heart wood distinct. (All Pines- and the Larch.) 
II. — Dicotyledons. 
A. Always have true vessels, wood complex in structure. An- 
nual rings may or may not be present. Medullary rays always 
present. 
B. No distinguishable annual rings, but sometimes zones 
(partial) of tissue forming incomplete bands which run into each 
other, not passing right round. 
I. Partial rings or false rings present. 
(i). Medullary rays of two kinds, broad and fine. 
a - The latter in majority, Indian Oaks, Quercus lamellosa, Q. 
incana. 
(ii). All medullary rays of one kind, and narrow. 
a. e.g.. Figs, which have the false rings very distinct, Pongamia 
glabra, Terminalia belerica, no distinct heartwood. 
b. False rings obscure, wood hard, heavy, and dose grained, 
Iron wood type. Messua ferrea (Penaga puteh. 
Heritiera littoralis (Dungun) 
Hardwickia binata 
Terminalia tomentosa 
Dyospvros Melanoxylon 
Xylia dolabriforrhis (these are the chief hard 
woods of India) all these have a dense red 
brown, purple, or black heartwood, The fol- 
lowing are difficult to classify. 
Dalbergia Sissoo 
D latifolia 
Bassia latifolia 
