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orange trees produce line large fruit with acid pulp, too acid to be 
eaten, these however make an excellent drink and are a pleasant 
variation from Lime squashes. 
The Orange here requires fairly good soil at leastj and should 
be manured with burnt earth. 
All species of citrus are very liable to scale which is easily de- 
tected at a glance by the blackening of the leaves due to a fungus 
which grows on the excreta of the scale insect. In India and else- 
where Kerosine emulsion has been found efficacious against the 
red orange scale Aspidiotus Ficus, and would probably suit all 
other kinds. Scale constantly attacks plants in poor condition, 
and is often a sign of poverty of soil, so that in cases of bad 
attacks the importance of manuring the trees is at once indicated. 
The caterpillar of the butterfly, Papiiio Frithonius, is destructive 
to the foliage especially of young orange trees. It is described- in 
Agricultural Bulletin Ser. I. p. 259. it is smooth a /id bluish 
green with black markings and when touched puts out two long 
red tentacles so that it is easily recognized. It must be destroyed 
by hand picking. 
The pumelo moth Nephopteryx sagittifert lia is probably the 
worst and most destructive insect we have for the Citrus fruits. It 
chiefly attacks the Pumelo and Lemon. I have also seen it in the 
smaller limes. Its life history is described by Mr. WRAY in the 
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Straits Branch, No. 19, p. 83. 
He says that the moth lays its eggs singly on the lower side of 
the fruit, and the young caterpillars eat their way into (he fruits 
making a number of minute holes generally over an area the size 
of a shilling. As the caterpillars grow they eat their way through 
and through the fruit and make holes through the rind to eject 
refuse and admit air, They leave the fruit when full grown and 
descending to the earth, make holes lined with white silk where 
they pupate. In 12 days they hatch out into moths. The Cater- 
pillars are bluish-green tinted with pinkish bronze above, the young 
ones almost wholly pink. Length of adult '86 inch, '15 inch wide. 
The- moth is about an inch across warm brown colour shaded with 
silvery gray. It seems to fly chiefly at night. 
The borings of the caterpillar are found to contain faecal matter, 
which quickly decomposes, and soon swarms with bacteria. It is 
probable that the premature ripening and falling of the fruit may 
he ascribed to the attack of the bacteria, Other insects attracted 
by the decay, assist in destroying the fruit. The Iruit falls pre- 
maturely and is useless. All infected fruit on the tree easily 
recognized by the holes and exudation of gum and faecal matter 
should be destroyed, and all fallen fruit should also be burnt. Mr. 
Wray also suggests that young uninfected fruit should be put in 
bags, to prevent the moth from attacking it and laying its eggs 
there. 
The green leaf-beetle, Astycus chrysochlons , was described by 
Mr. Wray (Perak Museum Notes II part I) as attacking the leaves 
of oranges and pumelos, as well as numerous other trees. The 
grubs live in the ground at a depth of not more than 6 inches, and 
