214 
The cost of the sack-cloth and iron bands weighing together 
from 10.5-12 k.g is about /i, 50 per bale, but in Liverpool where 
the price of the cotton is made, the tare is counted 6 %, Each bale 
thus loses 30 lbs., a figure which is higher than the actual tare. 
Formerly the costs of cleaning the raw cotton according to the 
old system amounted to /12.50 per bale, but at present these have 
considerably diminished, as for instance in Texas they are about 
/7.50 per bale, the while in some parts of the East, these have even 
fallen to /2.50. 
The flock-mills, estimated at 23,000 chiefly owe their use to the 
importance which the cotton seeds have gained in the last years. 
The farmers who supply the cotton, take back with them cotton 
sead flour, which they use as fodder and manure. 
It is intended to connect with the flock-mills, oil-factories and 
to refine there the oil which comes from the cotton-seeds, so that 
it may be used as frying oil. 
This oil is used on a large scale in stead of Olive oil, in the pre- 
servation of sardines and in the preparation of margarine, etc. 
These facts show that the flock-mills have considerably contri- 
buted towards the decrease of the production cost of cotton. 
Besides the oil and the residue which can also serve as fodder, 
are also obtained. 
Through the absence of flock-hairs on the seeds in the New 
Island cotton, which cause the husks to be difficult to remove 
in the extraction of the oil, the oil got from the seeds of this 
kind, is of lower quality than that from the shorthaired cotton 
varieties. 
Literally speaking no part of the cotton is wasted in America. 
The cotton seeds contain about 20 % of oil, but the oil-factories 
get on an average not more than 15 %. 
The cotton-oil industry yearly yields a produce of a value of 
75,000,000 guilders. 
As regards the sale of the cotton, formerly the planter himself, 
or his principal, shipped the cotton to the chief markets in Europe 
or America. 
At present the greatest part of the harvest goes over into the 
hands of the manufacturers or merchants who have given the plan- 
ter advances. 
The planter can get an average advance of f 2^ perbale, but that 
however against the highest possible interests that the Government 
allows. 
For commission and storage is calculated on an average / 2.50 
for the former and for the latter 7T.25 per bale for the first month 
and for each successive month the half of /T.25. 
Including the iusurance the sale costs the planter 1.25 cents, per 
lb. of clean cotton. 
In America the cotton is quickly sold, as the agents of the spin- 
neries or merchants live in the neighbourhood of the flock-mills, 
which buy the cleaned cotton from the planters at the market rates. 
At present also a large amount of cotton goes through the hands 
of export linns, whose aim it is to bring the producer and the con- 
