caulis , Arcnga Engleri, Phoenix ru pi cola, Licuala pellata , Livistona 
australis, Livistona chinensis , Thmnax bafbadensis , T. parvi flora 
Calamus c /'liar is. Calamus Undent, M arttnezia, caryoUfolia and 
Cocos phi mosa. 
Excepting those already mentioned nearly all palms can be grown 
in the open air and indeed only in the open air is their real beauty 
most apparent, apart ’from their lofty crowns and slender stems as 
with the Livistonas , the sturdy trunk of the Royal Palm ( O reodoxa 
regia ) or the graceful leaves of the Caryotas resembling gigantic 
ferns, the fruiting period adds another charm. No better instance 
of the difference and adornment of its fruit to a palm could be cited 
than that of Seaforthia elegans , when not in fruit it resembles many 
of its congeners, when in fruit it is surpassingly beautiful. 
In outside culture the question ol shade is of the first importance, 
although so many palms grow outside so readily few, if any, grow 
so well as when planted in shaded aspects or under partial shade, 
and some become quite unsightly when fully exposed. Among the 
principal genera requiring shade are P manga, Ptychor aphis, Howea , 
Chamsedorea , Geonoma, Bmtinckia , and Latania. Others are much 
improved by slight shade which may be obtained by planting in 
clumps, of these the principal genera are Dictyosperma , Ptychoe- 
oceus, Chrysalidocarpus, Heterospatha , Sieve nsonia, Verschaffeltia , 
Dypsis , Hyophorbe , Wallichia, Caryota, Salmi , Licuala , Bactris , 
Desmoncus, Astrocaryum , and Cocos excepting the Coco-nut. 
To obtain their best appearance, palms require well manuring and 
few plants respond more readily to liberal treatment in this respect 
than do palms. As palms are surface feeders manure may be ap- 
plied by mulching, old farm and stable manure is excellent, and 
well decayed leaf soil or burnt ear Ji is also beneficial. In stiff and 
poor sandy soils, it is an advantage to open a trench round the palm 
and fill in with manure. Where farm manure is abundant chemical 
manures are not necessary and are only seldom used. Liquid 
manures are always efficacious. 
Fr niting. -S ome palms fruit very, soon, as soon as they have 
i cached a fail giowth, others take many years. The unisexual 
palms Phoenix, Phytelephas, Calamus and some Dwmonorops can- 
not ol course produce fruit unless there are both sexes within easy 
reach of each other, and are thus more difficult to propagate. 
Rhopaloblaste oiten flowers for several years before producing 
its beautiful fruit. The plant is not unisexual but as the male and 
female flowers on the inflorescence do not open at the same time 
the females do not get fertilised, unless there is also an inflores- 
cence with male flowers fully expanded at the same time in the 
neighbourhood. A few palms which are constantly in flower here 
have never produced fertile fruits for what reason is not clear’ 
such are Oncosperma fasdculata , and Loxococcus rnpiccla both from 
Ceylon. ’ 
fertilization ot the flowers of palms is effected almost exclu- 
