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to the personal pronouns to denote the possessive ya-ka, my, 
etc., and the simple fact remains that nouns of this descrip- 
tion cannot be used without the possessive pronouns, or con- 
fusión would prevail. 
(3) As a prohibitive ; Ka ak , do not go. 
(4) To form new verbs as nouns are formed (in § 2) : wen, to see ; 
ka-ivena, to gaze after. 
(5) Ka or kai forma a futuro negativo of verbs ; a-yape, I return ; 
a-ka, i-yape, I am not roturning or I will not return. 
(0) K or ka is used as initial to verbs as in K-am-tine, talle ; cf. 
Vejoz, y-am-thle ; and with nouns K-ata-ki, a íly ; V. ataj. 
Ke. Nouns which make their second person with a-ke and third person 
with i-ke have a first personal form of Use, e.g. its-emla, my wdfe. 
Verbs of the same división places Use in the third person : its-efuop, 
he or she embraces ; ak-efuop, I embrace. The same principie 
applies to the u, e.g. its-usha, my friend ; ak-usha, thy friend. 
With the ki prefix is (not its) is used : isimet, my possession ; 
isima , he or she holds or possesses. 
Ke, ki, kit, these prefixes are mostly possessive partióles when applied 
to nouns, but with frequent use some have lost their specific 
pronominal use, e.g. the words kiale (boy) ; kiale-ki (girl) ; kiales 
(people) are obviously connected with si-les (our children), and in 
point of fact siale is used in the sense of “ I am a child ” ; but for 
the most part the pronominal idea has been lost in the wider and 
moro general term, boy, girl, people. The same applies to animáis 
and things, ke-ela . (lizard) ; kyu-ni (tiger) ; ki-te (needle), soine- 
one’s or something’s la, ni and te. 
A scmi-civilizcd ludían frequently adopts a word and gives 
it a characteristic turn with his own prefix, like the Toba K am 
or Kom, kám-china (a girl) ; kdm-mama, the mother ; kom-misha, 
the cat ; probably in this case derived from the pronoun Komi 
(we) ; and the prefix is used to give a proper rhythm to the Quechua 
words whose accents fall on the first sy llable contrary to their 
own rule of accent on the final syllable. 
In Choroti (2nd dialect) the word for “ liorn ” is u, not ki-u ; 
and worcls like ki-ili (eider brother) and ki-ini (younger brother) 
are regularly dechned with itsi-ini (my y. br.), etc., so it is 
evident that for derivative purposes all words with the ki prefix 
bear an obsolete or usable pronominal partióle. 
As tlieso partidos diffor in tho various dialoots, somo pcoplcs 
emphasizing, say the k, another the p, it at once becomes apparent 
that the Choroti Kl-lai-i (foreigner) and the Lengua-Mascoy 
p 
