1882 .] 
319 
[Davis. 
concluding that orographic change is more effective than ice 
action. These descriptions are, however, scattered through his 
volumes, as lakes are not considered objectively but only in their 
geological relations. 
Boccardo, Fisica del Globo, Genova, 1868, makes no classifica- 
tion, although entering voluminously into other departments of 
physical geography. 
E. Reclus, La Terre, 2 v., Paris, 1877. Lakes are formed from 
land-slides (i. 522), they are common in northern countries (526 — ) 
in mountains (529 — , the old exaggerated measures of the depth of 
Lake Brienz are corrected) : Desor’s classes are adopted (533), 
moraines (534), old river beds (563) and swamps (564) are referred 
to. Much excellent description and many references to original 
authorities, but insufficient classification and explanation. 
J. Young, Physical Geography, New York, 1873. More vari- 
ety than usual, but too condensed. P. 166. First, basins formed 
(a) in superficial accumulations, (1) by irregular deposit of con- 
fluent mounds of sand, etc., (2) morainic mounds ; (b) in valleys 
obstructed by (1), glaciers (2) moraines, (3) alluvial gravels, (4) 
lava flows, (5) lakes of overflow ; (c) behind sand-bars on coasts. 
Second, in rock basins formed or deepened (a) by glacial erosion, 
(b) by subsidence, when strata underneath have been dissolved 
out, or by earthquakes, (c) by elevation, as closing the mouth of 
a valley, (d) on a plateau. A number of good examples given 
and glacial erosion briefly discussed ; composition of water, 
ancient lakes, and filling up of lakes are mentioned. 
Ansted. Physical Geography, London, 1871, p. 176. Definition 
imperfect : a river held back by some irremovable obstacle, a river 
flowing across an uneven plain. Sometimes, where lakes are below 
sea-level, the former presence of the ocean is implied and there 
has been an interruption of continuity : salt lakes are balanced 
between supply and evaporation. Lagoons along the sea-coast. 
“ Such are the varieties of lakes.” Much purely geographic 
description follows. 
Wallace. On Lakes and Lake Regions, Proceedings of the 
American Association, 1871, XIX, 182-185. First, primitive or 
innate basins, the result of (a) depression of strata, (b) faults, (c) 
