1882 .] 
321 
[Davis. 
few changes from “Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der stehenden 
Wasser auf der Erde,” first published in “ Das Ausland” for 1875. 
Shore lagoons (I, 433, II, 313) ; “ Pelicten-Seen,” showing by their 
fauna a former connection with the ocean (314 — ) ; salinity does 
not necessarily imply oceanic origin (314). Unlike these are the 
lakes never connected with the ocean, including sinks on lime- 
stone, gypsum and salt beds (324), on faults, in craters (I, 
217), behind ice-dams (326), held by land slides, fan-deltas, 
moraines (327), kept empty by ice-masses, while surrounding sur- 
face was deposited (327), orographic, quoting Desor and even 
copying his greatly exaggerated figures (328). We may note 
(I, 483) that Peschel considers the Norwegian fjords and the 
Italian lakes as submerged valleys, kept empty by glacial occu- 
pation (479), and shallowed at mouth by sea deposits eroded from 
neighboring shores (482). Most attention is given to the Relic- 
ten-Seen. I have taken a number of examples from this work. 
Hochstetter, in Hann, Hochstetter und Pokorny’s Allgemeine 
Erdkunde, Prag, 1881, p. 332. Lake barriers are formed by 
hard rocks resisting erosion, up-faults, lifting of valley bottom 
in mountain making, land slides, moraines, glaciers. Lakes may 
be classed (p. 334) according to their formation as (a) erosion 
lakes (not further described) ; ( p ) barrier lakes, from (1) land 
slides, (2) moraines, (3) dunes ; (c) structural lakes, in (1) cluses , 
(2) combes , (3) troughs ; (d) sink-holes ; (e) volcanic lakes, in 
(1) ring-walls with crater in the middle, (2) craters, (3) maare 
(explosion craters?), (4) subsided volcanic regions. On p.335, 
fjords are considered as river-cut valleys, where glaciers have 
done little except in preventing # their filling long ago with sedi- 
ment, and the Italian lakes are classed as “ Binnenfjorden.” 
Classes of lake-basins. Lakes occupy depressions that may 
be grouped, according to the way in which they are formed, in 
three classes : first, Construction or Orographic basins, caused by 
a movement of the earth’s surface ; second, Destruction or Erosion 
basins, formed by the local removal of material ; third, Obstruction, 
Barrier or Enclosure basins, produced by irregular accumulation of 
material that acts as a barrier or encloses a hollow. 
Under these main classes^ a great variety of agents serves as a 
basis for further division into species ; and these species may 
PROCEEDINGS B. S. N. H. VOL. XXI. 21 MAY, 1882 . 
