Davis.] 
840 
[January 18, 
orographic, and quite independent of the termination of the 
old glaciers . 1 
The case for Norway as stated by Helland , 2 is of much interest, 
but is inconclusive. In the country inland from the Christiania 
Fjord, he describes four successive belts of terminal moraines, 
behind each of which lie numerous and deep lakes. “ I have 
visited all,” he says, “ and can directly demonstrate that most of 
them are true rock-basins 3 and a similar relative placing of 
rock-basins and terminal moraines is claimed for many of the 
lakes along the western slope of Norway. It is to be regretted 
that the observations by which these lakes are known to be in 
rock-basins w T ere not given with greater detail, for at present we 
are compelled to doubt their completeness, and consider the lakes 
as most largely the effect of moraine barriers. Helland mentions 
that there are also lakes without moraines at their lower ends, 
and considers .these the result of a local increase of erosive power . 4 
The explanation originally given by Ramsay for Lake Neuchatel 
has been extended by Geikie. In its first form, it ascribed the 
lakes at the foot of the Jura to the lateral deflection of the high- 
est part of the Rhone glacier on meeting this range : 5 we should 
expect, however, to find basins formed by a south-westward deflec- 
tion, as well as by a north-eastward, but none such exist. 
Deflection basins as described by Geikie 6 are the result of an 
“ undertow” or lateral escape current formed where the ice-sheet 
met an obstacle which only its upper jiart could surmount his 
examples are unfortunately all submerged off the west coast of 
Scotland, and it is quite impossible to say whether they are rock 
basins at all, or simply old submerged valleys, clogged with gla- 
cial and marine drifts. Certainly the local deepening in the North 
Channel between Scotland and Ireland is not necessarily entirely 
the result of erosion any more than the long depression across 
e 
1 Excepting the smaller morainal lakes about Zurich (see C. 3). 
2 Die glaciale Bildung der Fjorde und Alpenseen in Norwegen. Pogg. Ann. cxlvi, 
1872, 538-562. On the Ice-Fjords of N orth Greenland, and on the Formatkrn of Fjords, 
Lakes and Cirques in Norway and Greenland. Geol. Soc. Jouin., xxxm, 1877, 142-176. 
3 Loc. cit. 170 ; also 166. 4 Loc. cit. 172. 
3 Ramsay, loc. cit. 195. 6 Great Ice Age, 289 — 
