12 
References,— Brand. FI. N. W. & C. i. 435- Diet. Ec. Prod. of India 
Gamb- Man. of Timb. 665. Cameron’s For. Trees of Mysore and 
Coot* 300. Agr. Bull. S S. & F. M. S. <fi. N. Ridley) Vol. I, Nos. 
7 & 8. Roy- As. Soc. Journ. St. Br. No. 30 of 1897 (H. N. Ridley). 
Agr. Ledg. (India) 1901 VUI & 1902 II- 
Popular Names : — The “Swamp Oak” of Queensland, the “Ti- 
nian-Pine,” “Beef wood-Tree,” Vern. “Am” “ Ru” and “Ru-Laut.” 
It is a tall evergreen tree, maximum height 80 feet and girth 
6 feet and over. Conical in habit of growth. 
p a rk. Brown, rough, fibrous peeling off in vertical strips. The 
bark is astringent and contains in to 183 per cent of Tinmn, 
living a blue black precipitate with feric salts. It is used b> fisher- 
men in Madras for dyeing their nets. It contains also a red colour- 
ino- matter attracted bv mordants. The burnt ashes of the bark 
afford material for making soap. The decoction being of a deep 
red colour. 
Leaves. — According to BRANulS, branches leafless. CAMERON 
savs the “leaves proper” reduced to mere scales at the tips of the 
branchlets. Disarticulate a branchlet and its upper end will be 
seen to be toothed usually 79 teeth referred to by CAMERON as 
,‘scaly leaves.” The former description is preferred. 
Branchlets —Approximate, slender, articulate, fluted, deciduous 
and fulfil the function of leaves (BRANDIS). The general appear- 
ance of the branchlets feathery. 
Flowers. Mon oec ions, /.<?., with staminate and pistillate flowers, 
and quite inconspicuous, slightly reddish in colour. The staminate 
flowers monandrons in terminal, cylindrical spikes; the pistillate 
flowers in small pedicellate, globose heads. 
Bruit. A sub-globose cone, formed of the enlarged and thick- 
ened woody bracts, rough, varying from 1 to f of an inch in length, 
grows in clusters at ends of branches. It turns orange yellow when 
ripe; „eeds with a membranous wing. Fruit to be seen pretty 
nearly throughout the year at various stages of maturity. 
Thus from its conical habit, of growth, feathery branchlets, cone- 
like fruit and winged seed the resin it yields, it suggests the pine 
family, hence the popular name “Tinian Pine,” on the other hand 
the Malay more familiar with the Casuarina curiously enough calls 
Dacrydium elatum , Wall. ( Conifer se) a cypress like plant which 
attains a similar maximum height, “ Ru Bukit.” 
Distribution.— Indigenous to Queensland, N. Australia, the Ma- 
lay Archipelago, Fiji, the Islands of the Indian Archipelago, the 
littoral of Chittagong, Burma and Siam. Mr. L. RICKETTS, In- 
spector-General of Forests, Mysore, thinks it truly indigenous to the 
Islands of the Malay and Fijian Archipelago and says in India 
“the species has not been observed to be self produced, i. e.^ in the 
matter of throwing up seedlings, nor does it coppice well.” Ex- 
tensively planted along the sand dunes of the Madras and N. 
Kanara Coasts. It might be compared to Finns sylvestns , L. 
