i6 
these being collected into heaps and carefully burnt. Care should 
be taken that Mengkudu ( Morinda tinctoria , Roxb.) Leban (various 
species of Vitex) amongst other small-sized trees be not cut or 
damaged by the fire as they help to re-afforest or clothe the area, 
main object. 
It is recommended by Mr. RICKETTS that “ yard- cube pits be 
dug, i.e ., a square yard at top and bottom and on each side. The 
advantage claimed being “ that the cooly can get into it and dig it 
out large and square at the bottom, where it is most important for 
root development.” Ordinarily holes 2 feet square at top and one 
foot square at bottom and if necessary a hole may be made in the 
centre of the bottom with a crowbar (Malay: Alabangka) will be 
found to suffice. The holes can be made with a Changkol and the 
slope towards the bottom trimmed with the “ penggal i.” The best 
time for planting out is from September to January, once the rams 
are assured. 
Distance of planting, (i). Tf Casuarina alone is planted, 12 
feet by 12 feet should be adopted- (2). If sown in alternate lines, 
sav with Tembusu, q feet by 9 feet. (3). Another plan is to plant 
6 feet by 6 feet with the intention of subsequently removing every 
alternate sapling, when it has attained 4 01 5 years grout .. e 
last is best for windv localities and also for the suppression of 
lalang- grass. A considerable return may be expected from this 
thinning. If Mr. Ridley’S contention is right that it is resistant to 
white ants, these saplings may be sold for rafters for bui ing ang- 
sals and for pepper props, for which they would have a ready sale. 
Probably Carpenter bees (. Xylocofa Sp.) will not bore into Casuarina 
so readily as they do into the soft woods usually employed m 
building bangsals, both because of its hardness and its containin 
a small quantity of gum’ resin m its woody structure^ (4). ; £ , 
planting at 12 feet by 12 feet maybe adopted with a qn/neunc'al 
plant (Casuarina or Tembusu) at the intersection of the diagonals. 
The pits should be dug well before it is meditated to carry out 
the actual transplanting, and the pits as also the ex*. ■ v 
turned over, be left fully exposed to the action of tie 'veather. About 
a fortnight p evious to transplanting the pits should be 
the ground level with the earth 'formerly removed from them It is 
essential that all the loose earth be returned to the pH s0 ^ f ° , 
a small mound above the ground level . Earth dug ou ant ■ _ ^ 
occupies about 25 per cent more space than it die in , - , t 
condition underground. This is. best undertaken after a sight 
shower and not when the soil is thoroughly wet, it is diffi icultto 
manipulate a wet soil and such soil is apt to liar ei y § , 
interfere with its porosity. Tne pits may be even filled m dry 
weather in anticipation of rain. 
Presuming a sufficiency of pits has been dug with a large balance 
in hand an easy matter , satisfy oneself of if tile-pot nuTO 
gone in for in the first instance the operation of fina 1 trans^anting 
may be carried out after rain overnight. Supposing i e : po 
plants have been raised they will be earned from the nursery 
