299 
Pineapple, etc., and other useful plants, and the first Para- Rubber 
trees in Malacca were planted in this Garden. Some time after the 
abolition of this Garden, a small garden was made at the water works 
at Ayer Keroh, where a number of useful plants were cultivated, 
and near the same place plantations of Para Rubber and Gutta-per- 
cha were planted. It is interesting to note that the first practical 
rubber estate started in the Malay Peninsula was made by Mr. Tan 
Chay Yan, at Bukit Lintang, in Malacca, in 1896. This planter 
later opened an estate at Bukit Asahan which is probably the biggest 
estate in the Peninsula. 
Agriculture in the Native States received its first impetus under 
Sir Hugh Low, in Perak, in 1876. Teak was planted on road sides, 
Coffee cultivated on the Hermitage and other hills and Cinchona also 
tried as well as Tea, some Cocoa, and Pepper. 
At Kuala Kangsar, many of the best indigenous fruits were culti- 
vated, Para-Rubber introduced, and one or two plants of Ficus elas- 
tica grown as terrestrial plants instead of epiphytes as usually seen. 
In some of the gardens, Tea, Coffee, Pepper and some fruits were 
cultivated on a sufficiently large scale to test their marketable value 
but with Sir Hugh Low’s departure nearly all were leased and soon 
collapsed. The Kuala Kangsar Garden became the depot of ex- 
change for all the different districts of Perak, all of which were well 
provided with fruit trees and other economics and this garden has 
been regularly maintained as the principal Perak Garden. The last 
garden started by Sir Hugh Low is on the Taiping Hills, where the 
tree Tomato and English vegetables are successfully grown, 
AGRICULTURAL PERIODS. 
The history of the progress of agriculture in the Malay Peninsula 
may be roughly divided into three periods, both for European and 
Native cultivations. These periods being marked by the main or 
large cultivations of each class of cultivators. They are as fol- 
lows : — 
European. 
A. 1800 to 1860, Nutmegs and 
Cloves. 
B. 1875 to 1898, Liberian Cof- 
fee. 
C. 1 896 to 1905, Rubber. 
Native. 
Pepper and Gambier. 
Tapioca and Indigo. 
Pine-apples, 
Sugar and Coco-nuts (European cultivation mainV): Sago and 
Betel-nuts ( native cultivation ) were successfully cultivated all 
through these periods. 
The first thing that is noticeable in, this is that the European 
cultivations were all exotic, and that the characteristic cultivated 
plants were all introduced by the Botanic Gardens of the period : 
Nutmegs and Cloves, by Christopher Smith in the first Penang 
Hardens : Liberian Coffee and Rubber by MURTON in the Botanic 
Hardens of Singapore. Then it is noticeable that the Europeans 
