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usually powerfully, and often sweetly scented, and were they more 
abundant and easily procurable, a good perfume might be extracted 
from them. There is no perianth but the small flowers consist of 
leafy spathes, crowed on a calkin-like spadix. 
Pandani are easily propagated by cuttings from the sides of the 
stem and grow usually with considerable rapidity. They can also 
be easily raised from seed, when it is procurable, which is not 
often the case as in so many cases the male plants are so scarce 
that fruit is never seen. Pandanus parvus , a very common species 
in Singapore woods. I have only seen a single male of and never 
any fruits ripe. P. ornatus again very rarely produces male flowers, 
and I have seldom seen a ripe fruit. P. Kaida> on the other hand 
fruits regularly, and produces abundance of seeds. Most of the 
Pandans prefer damp low lying ground, and some like Pandanus 
immersus are quite aquatic. This is a very conspicuous species in 
Selangor and Perak, growing immersed in the water of lowland 
streams and sending up its tall erect swordlike grey leaves. 
Pests , — The Pandans when planted out are liable to the attacks 
of a very beautiful beetle, one of the chafers Agestrata orichalca , L. 
Avery large oblong beetle about an inch and a-half long of a 
splendid metallic green. This insect may often be seen at certain 
seasons of the year flying round pandan bushes, in the evening. 
The eggs are laid in the terminal shoots of the Pandan, and the 
grub burrows into the stem, making a large burrow. The leaves 
of the shoot are gnawpd and present a ragged appearance. 
Uses of Pandani— The chief use of the Pandani lies in their stiff 
leaves which are used for roofing, and making mats, bags, cigarette 
cases, and other such purposes. K&jangs are made from the leaves 
of Pandanus atrocarpus , Griff. The leaves which are of great 
length and about 4 inches across, are dried and fastened 
together with split ra*ttan forming the thoroughly waterproof cover- 
ing for carts, and other purposes. Portions of leaves are also used 
for making hats. 
Baskets and mats, as well as cigarette cases, are made of the 
leaves of P. fascicularis, a common seashore shrub which is also 
cultivated frequently for the purpose. An account of the manufac- 
ture of Malacca baskets is published by Mrs. Bland in the Journal 
of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XLVI, 1906, page 1. 
Pankanus sp. probably one of the several species known as 
P. laevis is often cultivated for its leaves which are greyish green 
in colour and „quite thornless. These leaves when bruised have 
a slight odour* and are put into rice when boiling to flavour it. 
They are also used in a kind of pbt-pourri composed of these leaves 
finely cut up, shavings of sandalwood, and rose water, which is 
distributed at Malay weddings. This plant I have never seen in 
flower or fruit nor have I ever met a Malay who has. It appears 
to be a native of Java and is common in all native villages. 
Ornamental species . — The Pandans are often cultivated as orna- 
mental plants both in the tropics and in conservatories in various 
