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opium when they smoke it, all on account of its bitter taste sug- 
gesting opium. 
Rubus moluccanus L. ( Rosacece )- Akar Kupor; Tempo ranak. 
The common wild raspberry. A decoction of the roots of this plant 
is used for dysentery like that of R. Canadensis in America. 
Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz. ( Myrtaceae ) “ Kelintek Nya- 
mok a small tree of which the leaves are chewed with betle nuts 
for dysentery. 
Urarin crinita Desv. {Legit minosoe) “ Poko Ekor Kuching,” The 
Malay Lupine. A small shrubby plant with blue flowers in a thick 
spike, the roots are used for diarrhoea. 
Capsicum fastigiatum, Bl. Chilis are given in cholera, dyspepsia 
and diarrhoea. 
Piper nigrum , L. {Piperaceoe) Black Pepper, during a scare of 
cholera there was a great demand for oil of pepper among the 
Natives who considered it a specific. 
Anisophylleia disticha (Legnotidae) “ Lambei Ayam.” An infusion 
of this plant is used as an astringent in diarrhoea and dysentery’ 
(Holmes). 
Pithecolobium confertum, Benth. {Leguminosae ) . A common tree. 
An infusion of this leaves is used as an astringent in diarrhoea 
(Holmes). 
Citrus acida ( Rutacece ) “ Limau Nipis.” The small common 
lime. A decoction of the ground up-roots used for dysentery. 
Stomachics. 
Hydrocotyle asiatica, L. {Umbelliferae') “ Pegaga.” Aver}’ common 
creeping herb with round leaves, abundant in waste ground and 
grassy spots. This herb is much valued by Natives, and women 
may often be seen collecting it for sale. Considerable quantities 
being brought into Singapore. It is used in curry as well as in 
medicine. The leaves pounded on a stone and put in a cup of water 
and allowed to stand for some hours is a decoction of some repute 
in cases of consumptiori ; it is also used in liver complaint. 
A decoction of the leaves is also used in leprosy and syphilis 
as in India and Mauritius in doses of half to one ounce, and the 
leaves are used as a poultice. The dried leaves in powder are given 
in doses of from 5 to 10 grains in catarrh and cough of children 
(as is H. roundi folia). The peculiar body called Vellarin to which 
the properties appear to be due is an oily nonvolatile liquid soluble 
in spirits of wine and in ammonia. An alcoholic extract of the 
plant contains much tannin which accounts for the use of the plant 
in India for the bowel complaints of children. As Vellarin has not 
been found in the dry leaves, it is evident that a tincture made 
from the fresh plant would be the most effective preparation. 
That the plant possesses active properties in the fresh state and 
is useful in skin diseases there can be little doubt.” — (Holmes). 
