38 
£1,500 to a permanent establishment which the Government of Canada 
had come to respect and give continuous and increasing financial support. 
But his sympathy and aptitudes extended to other branches of natural 
science. That he was no mean botanist is shown by admirable drawings 
of plants in his note books. Before he came to Canada in 1842 he had 
collected and stuffed birds for the Museum at Swansea and his biographer, 
Harrington, tells of a visit to New York accompanied by a pet turtle, with 
which he took up quarters in the Astor House. He preoccupied himself 
from his arrival in Canada with the development of a natural history 
museum, upon which he expended great personal effort and at times main- 
tained with his own money. From the first he and Murray fulfilled the 
geological needs of the Museum, and as time passed he drew other enthusi- 
astic geologists into association with him. The chemist and mineralogist, 
DeRottermund, was secured in 1844. His services do not seem to have 
been entirely satisfactory and he was succeeded soon by Olmstead and, on 
Olmstead’s death in 1846, by Thomas Sterry Hunt, who made a distin- 
guished name by his researches and writings on Canadian minerals. Ten 
years later, in 1856, Logan obtained the appointment of Elkanah Billings, 
a barrister who had taken up the study of palaeontology and who was to 
be the first of a distinguished line of specialists, Whiteaves, Ami, Lambe, 
and Kindle, the present head of the division of palaeontology in the Geo- 
logical Survey and National Museum. There were in Logan's time no 
departments of biology or anthropology, but these were soon to follow. 
To both the institutions which he created Logan left a reputation as a 
scientist and administrator which with the passing of time has grown into 
a proud tradition. 
1867-1907 
By the British North America Act in 1867 New Brunswick and Nova 
Scotia joined Lower Canada (Quebec) and Upper Canada (Ontario) to 
form the Dominion of Canada. Manitoba and the North West Territories 
were admitted in 1870, after purchase from the Hudson's Bay Company 
of this company's lands, British Columbia in 1871, and Prince Edward 
Island in 1873. By this time it was possible to travel by road, railway, or 
steamship from Nova Scotia as far west as Prince Arthur Landing and 
northward about to a line from Georgian bay to the city of Quebec. The 
remainder of the vast region, except for the isolated settlement on and near 
Vancouver island, and a tiny one at Fort Garry was a little known wilder- 
ness. A great curiosity existed about this vast territory. Also, British 
Columbia entered Confederation on condition that a railway should be 
built across Canada to link it with the larger settlement around the Great 
Lakes, and it was at once necessary to discover a practicable route and to 
study the resources of the country to be crossed. 
The work of exploring this new country devolved largely upon the 
Geological Survey since it was the only Government organization equipped 
for survey and investigation of natural resources. Under Dr. A. R. C. 
Selwyn, who succeeded Logan as director on December 1, 1869, there 
began and continued for about thirty-five years a period of wide-faring 
adventure equalled by few if any other scientific institutions. Selwyn 
and Dawson explored a large part of British Columbia, the two Tyrrells 
traversed and mapped the Barren Grounds west of Hudson bay, Bell 
