54 
Survey and Topographical Surveys in the Department of the Interior, 
of the Surveys branch in the Department of National Defence, and of the 
Geological Survey. Industrial applications of minerals is a function of 
the Mines branch, of the Department of Mines. However, a much broader 
basis for co-operation exists with the Geological Survey. No less than 
four of these subjects, geography, geology, mineralogy, and palEeontology, 
are more or less exclusively the field of the Geological Survey at the present 
time, and until about twenty-five years ago it gave attention to practically 
all subjects in which the museum is interested. This multiform practical 
and scientific relation of the Geological Survey to so many branches of 
natural sciences is the reason for the origin of the Museum and for the 
association of the two institutions up to the present time and manifestly 
must have an important bearing upon the future of both. 
(3) In respect to the third essential function of museums, scientific 
research, museums can very well be divided into two classes; those which 
are connected with a scientific or educational institution and those which 
exist independently. It is difficult to valuate the results of scientific 
investigation and, doubtless, different opinions are held regarding the 
relative contributions of the two groups of museums here under considera- 
tion, but within the limits of the writer’s observation, much greater contri- 
butions appear to have been made by the first class. It is not surprising 
that this should be the case. Scientific research, like most forms of human 
effort, needs the stimulus of a useful purpose and of reward. It thrives 
best in industrial organizations, universities, and bureaus maintained by 
public or private means for specific research. A museum attached to any 
of these will be used for their purposes. Its own staff will profit by the 
association. Workers in independent museums are apt to be restricted in 
scientific work and outlook largely to systematic investigation — description 
and classification — especially in biology, palaeontology, and geology, and 
to give little attention to the discovery and applications of scientific 
principles. 
The National Museum of Canada has been peculiarly fortunate in its 
long association with an institution which has been actively engaged upon 
practical scientific investigations in a wide range of natural history. 
"Organized scientific research first took form in Canada with the establishment of the 
Geological Survey of Canada in 1841 under the direction of Sir William Logan. Before 
that time scientific activities were limited to individual efforts, and, while much was 
accomplished by these sporadic investigations in revealing the natural resources of the 
country, co-ordination and organized work were required and were supplied by the Survey. 
At its inception, the work of the Survey was confined to the investigation of the geology 
and mineral resources of Canada, but it was not long before its scope broadened to include 
both zoology and botany, and more recently, a division of anthropology and ethnology has 
been added.” 1 
Although the Survey has made its greatest contributions to the 
geological group of sciences its attainments in biology are thus estimated 
by an authority on that subject. ‘‘The Geological Survey of Canada, now 
attached to the Department of Mines, is one of the oldest, and from the 
faunistic standpoint, most effective, agencies contributing to Canadian 
zoology.” 2 The earlier publications of the Survey are rich in information 
iMeMurrich, J. P.: "Scientific Research in Canada": Handbook of Canada, British Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science, 1924, p. 185. 
Hensley, B.A.: Idem. p. 190. 
