1890.1 
145 
[Upham. 
birch, the large-toothed poplar, white and red pine, arbor vitas, and 
the red cedar or savin. A few species of far northern range find 
in this district their southern or southwestern limit, namely, our 
two species of mountain ash, the balsam poplar, Banksian or jack 
pine, the black and the white spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack. 
Some of the eastern shrubs, which make the undergrowth of our 
forests, also attain here their western limits ; but a larger propor- 
tion of these than of the forest trees continues west along the 
stream -courses to the Saskatchewan region, the upper Missouri, and 
the Black Hills. Among the shrubs that reach to the borders of the 
Red river basin, but not farther westward or at least southwest- 
ward are the black alder or winterberry and the mountain holly, 
staghorn sumach, the hardhack, the huckleberry, the dwarf blue- 
berry and the tall or swamp blueberry (Vaccinium Pennsylvani- 
cum, Lam., and V. corymbosum, L.), leatherwood (Dirca palus- 
tris, L.), and sweet fern. Shrubs and woody climbers that have 
their northern or northwestern boundary in this basin include the 
prickly ash, staff-tree or shrubby bitter-sweet, frost grape, Virgin- 
ian creeper, and the four species of round-leaved, silky, panicled, 
and alternate-leaved cornel (Cornus circinata, L’Her., C. sericea, 
L., C. candidissima, Marsh. [C. paniculata, L’Her.], and C. alter- 
nifolia, L. f.). On the other hand, shrubs of the north which 
reach their southern or southwestern limits in the Red river basin 
include the mountain maple, the few-flowered viburnum and withe- 
rod, several species of honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliata, Muhl., L. 
cserulea, L., L. oblongifolia, Hook., L. involucrata, Banks, L. hir- 
sute Eaton), the Canada blueberry, the cowberry, Andromeda 
polifolia, L., Kalmia glauca, Ait., Labrador tea (Ledum latifo- 
lium, Ait.), the Canadian shepherdia, sweet gale, the dwarf birch, 
green or mountain alder, beaked hazel-nut, Salix balsamifera, 
Barratt, and S. myrtilloides, L., var. pedicellaris, Anders., black 
crowberry, creeping savin, and the American yew or ground hem- 
lock. 
No tree of exclusively western range extends east to the Red 
river basin, and it has only a few western species of shrubs, of 
which the most noteworthy are the alder-leaved June-berry or ser- 
vice berry (in Manitoba commonly called “saskatoon”), the sil- 
ver-berry (Eheagnus argentea, Pursh), and the buffalo-berry (Shep- 
herdia argentea, Nutt.). To these are also to be added the shrubby 
PROCEEDINGS B. S. N. H. VOL. XXV 10 
