1890 .] 
163 
[Upham. 
quent or common weed on newly broken prairie, and occasionally 
in cultivated fields, also along railways, in the vicinity of Langdon 
and Church’s Ferry, North Dakota, and westward, growing often 
ten times as large as in its favorite natural locations, which are the 
mounds of earth thrown up by badgers and gophers in digging 
their holes. 
Solanum nigrum, L. (Common Nightshade),' indigenous, also 
cosmopolitan ; frequent, usually in cultivated ground and waste 
places, as if an introduced species. 
Verbascum Thapsus , L. ( Common Mullein ), common, or fre- 
quent, through eastern Minnesota p but rare, or altogether absent, 
in the Red river valley and westward. 
Linaria vulgaris , Mill. (“ Butter and Eggs”), becoming a fre- 
quent roadside weed through southern Minnesota ; but rare in the 
Red river valley. 
Teucrium Canadense, L. (American Germander, Wood Sage), 
extending north in the Red river valley to Pembina, occasionally a 
troublesome weed on moist, cultivated land. 
Nepeta Cataria , L. {Catnip), frequent near dwellings, and along 
fences of gardens. 
Brunella vulgaris, L. (Self-heal, Heal-all), common by road- 
sides and in pastures ; indigenous, occurring in damp woodlands 
and copses. 
Leonurus Cardiaca , L. ( Common Motherwort ), an occasional 
weed near dwellings. 
Galeopsis Tetrahit , L. ( Common Hemp-Nettle) , frequent about 
stables and in rich cultivated soil. 
Stachys palustris, L., abundant on moist ground and margins of 
sloughs, often persisting as a weed in wheat-fields. 
Plantago major, L. (Common or Wayside Plantain), and P. Ru- 
gelii, Decaisne, both are plentiful along roads and in dooryards, 
also in meadows and pastures. 
Oxybaphus hirsutus, Sweet, frequently seen as a weed on newly 
broken ground and in cultivated fields. 
Amarantus retroflexus, L. (Pigweed), indigenous on the plains 
and in the Rock}^ Mountain region ; common or frequent through- 
out Minnesota, and becoming common in Manitoba and westward, 
mostly in manured or rich soil, around stables, and in waste 
places. 
Amarantus albus, L. (Tumble-weed), indigenous throughout this 
