Foerste.] 
412 
[April 6, 
the Court, Moutier, Roche, and Choindez. Their correlated ar- 
rangement is so apparent that they must have causal connection ; 
and as this cannot he sought in lines of fracture, nothing else 
seems so probable as antecedent streams. 
The theory of the antecedent origin of the transverse streams 
does not at all deny the possibility of the formation of lakes of 
greater or less extent behind the barriers formed by the rising 
folds as suggested in the earlier pages of this paper. It only ex- 
plains the origin and position of the cirque s. No doubt at various 
times the streams along the synclines were turned into swamps 
and then into shallow lakes owing to such causes, but as cutting 
proceeded on the anticlines the lakes were again drained, and their 
presence can now be detected only with difficulty, if at all. 
The intermediate parts of the drainage connecting the cirques , 
it is believed, do not represent as a rule the antecedent drainage, 
but are probably in part shifted courses of the same, or entirely 
new courses, located during or after the folding, and are there- 
fore to be regarded as consequent streams. This must espe- 
cially be true of the synclinal portions of the streams between the 
cirques , where such exist. 
11. The Drainage immediately antecedent to the Folding. Ero- 
sion, however, did not begin only after the folding had ceased. The 
first elevation of the land above the level of the sea must have 
given opportunity for aerial erosion. Et will be remembered 
from the preceding notes that land conditions had prevailed at 
various times previous to the folding, and that the existence of 
streams during these times was inferred. The period immediately 
preceding the folding, the Oeningen, was a period of fresh- water 
deposits. During this period some parts of the Bernese Jura 
were probably dry land, and it is not at all a vague supposition to 
believe, in accordance with evidence already adduced, that just 
previous to the period of folding, the Oeningen deposits having 
ceased forming, land conditions prevailed and that this area was 
then drained by southward flowing streams. 
12. The Effects of Folding on general Antecedent Drainage. The 
first effects of folding would be to alter somewhat the position of 
the watersheds between individual streams. Since the processes 
of folding were probably very gradual, it is not at all necessary to 
suppose that the streams would at once alter their positions ; they 
would probably only deepen the channels where necessary in order 
