45V 
[De Geer. 
1S92.J 
the measured limit, had it also been submerged, must necessarily 
have shown traces of water-action in addition to the assorted, 
washed, and rolled material below. 
Up to the present time I have thus leveled the marine limit at 
about seventy different points in the southern and central parts 
of Sweden and in a few places in southern Norway. For north- 
ern Sweden T have three or four approximate but important deter- 
minations by Flogbom, Svenonius, and Munthe. For the other 
parts of the Scandinavian region of uplift the uppermost marine 
limit is not yet determined, but there are in geological literature 
a great number of measurements of the height of raised beaches 
and marine sediments, and from these I have tried to ascertain the 
highest available minimum-figures for different tracts in the re- 
gion. While they are only preliminary, they nevertheless point 
very clearly to the same laws for the upheaval of land that I found 
to prevail in Sweden and it seems allowable to use them for the 
present, of course with due reservation, as the principal conclu- 
sions drawn from them will probably not be essentially changed 
by future more accurate determinations. 
To get a general view of the warping of land since the forma- 
tion of the marine limit I have used the graphic method of Mr. 
G. K. Gilbert (see his admirable work on Lake Bonneville) and 
have connected with lines of equal deformation, or as I have called 
them isobases , such points of the limit as were uplifted to the 
same height. 
Among the results of the investigation the following may be 
mentioned as being of especial interest for comparison with the 
conditions in North America. 
All the observations evidently relate to one single system of 
upheaval, with the maximum uplift in the central part of the 
Scandinavian peninsula, along a line east of the watershed, or 
nearly where the ice-sheet of the last glaciation reached its great- 
est thickness. Here the land must have been upheaved somewhat 
more than a thousand feet (more than 300 meters) , and around 
this center the isobases are grouped in concentric circles, showing 
a tolerably regular decrease in height in every direction toward the 
peripheral parts of the region, until the line for zero is reached, 
outside of which no sign whatever of upheaval is to be found. 
The considerable height at which the uppermost marine marks 
are found, and the places where they occur, in the central parts 
