:8 9I .l 197 
Again Benzole, C 6 H 6 , may be thus graphi- 
cally represented. The substitution of a chlor- 
ine atom for one of the hydrogen atoms, 
renders it easier to substitute another similar 
one, or one of Br. or I. or NO 2 . 
A second chlorine atom will go to an adjacent 
or an opposite position. For instance if the 
structure be like this (Fig. 7), Cl be attached to 
1, another Cl will go to 2, 6 or 4, not to 3 or 5. If N0 2 be at- 
tached to 1 instead of chlorine, than another N0 2 or Cl will go 
to 3 or 5. The first substitution determines the subsequent ones. 
Suppose that N0 2 be the first substitute at 4 and Cl is at 2, 
then the N0 2 determines that another substitnte shall be at 
6 instead of at 5 or 3 or 1 as would be the case if Cl at 2 de- 
termined it. As a resultant there is a mixture of the two bodies 
in which the position of the last attached atoms depends upon 
the kind and position of the atoms already associated. This is 
the general rule and any exceptions may be due to differences 
in the temperature at which the reactions are brought about, 
for temperature determines rates of vibration and therefore 
nodal relations. 
This has been developed far enough now and in a sufficient 
number of directions to show what is intended, namely, that be- 
cause the atoms of matter are vibrating at all temperatures above 
absolute zero, and because the motions of matter are known to 
affect the ether in a manner that depends upon the character of 
the motion, it follows that each atom has a field the shape of 
which and the strength of which must depend upon the kind of 
motion it has and the energy involved. That vibratory motion 
of an atom develops a stress in the ether in different directions 
about it and results in a pressure towards it, and on account of 
its harmonic motion there are stationary nodes where atoms may 
cohere together forming symmetrical groups of molecules and 
larger masses of crystals, each of which in its turn has a field 
which is the resultant of the combined fields of al] its components. 
It is the reaction of this field upon other atoms and molecules that 
organizes them into larger geometrical shapes. As the field is 
bound to be symmetrical too, it must compel symmetrical arrange- 
ment within its borders and this accounts for the replacing upon 
imperfect crystals the parts that have been removed or which for 
[Dolbear 
/°\ 
0-0 6 1 2 Q-O 
0 0 \ ^ 
9 
6 
FIG. 7. 
