17 
heaps A and D are more than 6 inches long. The people of the neighbour- 
hood were surprised by their size and by the fact that they were there 
at all, although the writer found a few oysters living in the water near 
these two heaps. None, however, was as large as the shells found in 
the heaps. 
Gnawing, or what appears to be gnawing, shows on some of the bones 
found in these heaps and suggests that the Indians who left them had 
domestic dogs. The toe bone from heap A, Plate XVIII, figure 10, seems 
to be gnawed at both ends. A beaver jaw from heap A shows longitudinal 
cuts in several places, possibly made in cutting up the body. However, 
here as elsewhere, cuts made in securing meat, rather than in the process 
of using the bone as material, are uncommon. Some long bones found 
in the heaps had been broken lengthwise, as if to secure the marrow. 
A few pieces of bone found in heaps A, K, M, and N, and in the prehistoric 
cemetery, had been charred. Some of these bones had been worked. 
That fish also were used for food is suggested by the objects made 
of bone considered to be fish rake teeth and fish-hooks, or barbs for fish- 
hooks, and by the harpoon points, which may have been used for spearing 
fish. Fish bones, especially the larger ones, are rather scarce. Possibly 
the people were not skilled in taking large fish, and perhaps no offshore 
or deep water fishing was done. 1 
No remains, charred or otherwise, of corn, beans, or nuts, or of any 
wild or cultivated plant foods, were found, and it is thought that in pre- 
historic time the Micmacs did not cultivate corn, although Patterson 
(b, page 27) states that when the English settlers arrived the Micmacs 
raised a little Indian corn and a few beans on clearings at their principal 
place of encampment on the east side of the mouth of Barney river. On 
the other hand, Gilpin states (page 222) that tobacco was not planted 
by the Micmacs in Nova Scotia, and in fact, though they knew how, 
no planting of any kind was done east or north of Kennebec river, Maine, 
after the Indians could get biscuits from the French. 
MANUFACTURED ARTICLES 
Articles of Stone and Mineral 
For raw materials for the manufacture of tools and other objects, 
the prehistoric people depended upon minerals, stone, copper, clay, bones, 
antlers, teeth, shells, and plant substances. We found no objects that 
suggest trade or conquest, although Piers (a, page 101) mentions that 
a few implements of unmistakably southern workmanship have been 
found in the province. 
Metargillite and pebbles of quartz were the materials chiefly used 
for chipped points for arrows, knives, and scrapers, but chert, chalcedony, 
jasper, and quartzite were also used for the same purposes. Some of 
the quartzite is mottled. This, of course, produces two differently coloured 
materials, namely, that seen in the tanged point (Plate IV, figure 13), 
and that in the lozenge-shaped object (Plate III, figure 14). Sandstone 
was made into whetstones. Slate furnished the material for a surface 
on which to incise pictures (Plate XIX, figure 14). Pebbles were used as 
1 Cf. Gossip, p. 95. 
