47 
TOOLS USED BY MEN 
A number of artifacts considered to be tools were found. Among 
these, celts, hammerstones, whetstones, wedges made of bones of the whale 
and of antler, a chisel-like object made of bone, a pin-shaped object made 
of antler, knives made of beaver teeth and woodchuck teeth, flakes of 
stone, probably used as knives, and knives chipped from stone probably 
were used by men. No arrow-shaft smoothers made of stone, gouges, 
celts made of antler, grooved axes, points for drills, or cupped stones were 
found, although gouges and grooved axes are found in Nova Beotia and, 
according to Patterson (a, page 244), two drills chipped from stone were 
found at Annapolis. Similar drills are known to have been found in shell- 
heaps in Maine. 
Celts Made of Stone. Celts or adzes made of stone are among the 
most common artifacts found (Plates XII and XIII). Fifty-nine speci- 
mens were collected from heap A, thirty-three from heap D, five on its 
surface, one from the surface of heap E, one from the prehistoric cemetery, 
two from heap L, six from heap M, three from the eastern part of heap N, 
and four were presented by Mr. Peter Millar from heap O, making a total 
of a hundred and thirteen secured by us on this harbour, besides those 
collected by Patterson and others. 
According to the catalogue of the Patterson collection, four were 
found on Merigomish harbour, one on Olding island, three on Big island, 
eight in the prehistoric cemetery, thirteen in the heap on the Millar farm, 
and twenty-four, three of them being broken and one grooved on the side 
edges, on the same farm. Adzes have been found by Mr. Charles Smith 
on his farm on the mainland, about one mile southwest of Merigomish. 
Two of these he presented to the National Museum of Canada. Mr. 
Donald McDonald presented one from heap D, and Mr. Wintemberg 
collected one from the beach in front of the same heap. This makes a total 
of at least a hundred and sixty-nine known specimens from the harbour. 
Twelve have been found in the vicinity of the harbour, according 
to the Patterson catalogue; two, one of them grooved on the rounded 
side of the head, and a double-bitted one at Big gut on East river, Pictou; 
one on the beach at Pictou; a double-bitted one at South Pictou; seven 
on Middle River point; and a fragment of one at Town gut, Pictou. 
The celts are asymmetrical, except one illustrated on Plate XII, 
figure 6. They are flatter on one side than on the other and the bits were 
sharpened by bevelling more acutely from one side than from the other. 
This statement is based upon forty-six complete celts from heap A, twenty- 
eight specimens from heap D, five from heap M, and all others which show 
the edge. In general they are rather crude and were apparently roughly 
used. 
In size they vary from a mere sharpened flake 2 inches long (Plate XII, 
figure 3), through a typical specimen, 2f inches long (figure 2), to one 
fragment, a head end, inches long, that must be of an adze at least 
8^ and probably 10 inches long, and another 7* inches long (Plate XIII, 
figure 1). The average length is about 4 inches. Patterson (a, page 245) 
refers to a celt 1| inches long. One found in heap M is 9 inches long. 
