62 
and Patterson states (a, p. 235; b, p. 30) that he believes more copper 
knives have been found in this cemetery than in all the rest of Nova Scotia. 
The two pieces of copper found on Merigomish harbour (Plate VII, figures 
3, 4) do not appear to be suitably shaped for such use. 
Rough, knife-shaped objects, made of native copper from the trap 
of the bay of Fundy, have been found at Packman beach, Lunenburg 
county, Nova Scotia, according to Piers (a, p. 116) and Patterson (c, p. 676). 
Among eighteen specimens of copper from Backman beach, in the Pro- 
vincial Museum at Halifax, two, Cat. Nos. 75f and j, are certainly small 
knives. 
Knife Cuts. Stone objects bearing cuts that may have been made 
with these several kinds of knives have been found (Plate XVIII, figures 
1, 2, and Plate XIX, figures 4, 14, 15); and objects of pottery (Plate IX, 
figure 5) ; of bone (Plate XVIII, figures 3-9, and Plate XIX, figures 16, 17) ; 
of antler (Plate XVIII, figure 11, and Plate XIX, figures 18-20); and of 
teeth (Plate XVIII, figures 12-15). 
TOOLS USED BY WOMEN 
Tools supposed to have been used by women, other than those em- 
ployed in the preparation of food, include scrapers, awls, and needles 
(Plate XVII). 
Scrapers Chipped Out of Stone. Eleven scrapers chipped from siliceous 
stone were found in heap D, one in heap E, and eight in heap A. Of 
these, five from heap A and seven from heap D (figure 2) were chipped 
from white quartzite pebbles, all but two showing part of the natural 
surface of the pebble. The other eight are of jasper, chert, and chalcedony. 
A few are rubbed smooth across the edge, as are the much larger chipped 
stone scrapers of the west, which are known to be used for scraping skins. 
This smoothness of the edge is not perceptible, however, on any made 
of white quartzite. 
The method of manufacture of these scrapers chipped out of stone is 
suggested by a few specimens. Many small, broken pebbles of white 
quartzite were found in heaps A, D, and M, that apparently were broken to 
obtain material, chiefly for scrapers, as only a few points for arrows chipped 
from this material were found. The manufacture, so far as this raw material, 
tools, and waste is concerned, is the same as that of arrow points, which has 
been discussed on page 22. A few angular pieces of jasper eroded on the 
surface were also found, although none of the eight scrapers chipped from 
jasper, chert, and chalcedony, shows any part of a natural pebble surface, and 
they may all be chipped from bedrock material. All such pebbles would 
have lost their quarry water. Indians in the southern interior of British 
Columbia prefer to get material for chipping from a quarry, and state 
that weathered material is not good. As the people of Merigomish har- 
bour chipped many pebbles of quartzite and some weathered jasper, 
perhaps all the scrapers were chipped from pebbles or at least from weathered 
stone. In this case the material may all have been obtained locally 
