63 
in the drift. Very few chips of jasper were found. The manufacture 
of scrapers from jasper would be similar to that of scrapers from quartzite, 
as indicated on page 23. 
All these typical scrapers may have been fastened to a handle, as 
were the similarly shaped, chipped scrapers used until recently by the 
Indians of the Plains for scraping skins, or they may have been inserted 
in the split end of a stick which was used as a handle, as are the large 
ones employed as skin scrapers in the far west. They may also have been 
used as knives for whittling, planing, and scraping. 
Scrapers Made of Bone . Scrapers or fragments of scrapers made 
from bone were not recognized, although the long bone objects that had 
been grooved and broken (Plate XVIII, figures 4-6) resemble the scrapers 
made of bone that are used on the long edges instead of on the end. Speci- 
mens of this type, known in the interior of British Columbia to have been 
used as skin scrapers, are common in Ohio and Kentucky, where they are 
usually made from the metatarsal bone of the deer. One made from a 
metapodial bone of a caribou, with the side cut out, was found about 
2 inches deep in a Beothuk wigwam site on Badgers brook, Newfoundland, 
by Frank G. Speck, and is catalogued as No. VIII-A-7 in the National 
Museum of Canada. Speck collected a similar specimen from the Micmacs 
of Newfoundland. It is catalogued as No. III-F-162. Another, which 
he collected from Micmacs of the same place, Cat. No. III-F-161, is made 
by sharpening the edge of the radius of a united radius and ulna of a caribou. 
One made of a metapodial bone and a large one made from a combined 
radius and ulna wound at the ends with cloth, have been collected from the 
Montagnais and Ojibwa. The Naskapi of Labrador 1 scrape the loosened 
hair from skins with scrapers, somewhat like a spoke-shave, made from the 
metatarsus of the caribou. They are made by cutting a slice from the 
middle part of the back of the bone so as to make a sharp edge, and the 
untouched ends serve for handles. Metapodial bones of the elk and 
shoulder blades of both deer and elk were used for this purpose in Ohio. 
The bone object, Plate VII, figure 12, has the lower end rounded in 
outline, and on the reverse the bone is cut down at a bevel to this rounded 
edge. It is worn across this bevelled edge as if from scraping some yielding 
material such as skin, and it may be a fragment of a chisel-shaped skin- 
scraper similar to those now used by the Micmacs. The rest of the outline 
of the bone is broken, apparently accidentally. It has faint, transverse, 
parallel marks or grooves across the obverse surface, which may be from 
the decay of the bone along the line of winding material or in the spaces 
between it. The winding, however, would have come so close to the 
edge that the object could not have been used as a skin-scraper. The 
long, broken side edge is worn on the convex side, and the opposite side 
of this edge is sharply broken. 
Awls. Awls made of bone were among the common finds on the 
harbour, and two objects were found which, though made of copper, 
may also have been used as awls. Eighty-seven awls made of bone were 
found in heap A, nine in heap D, and one, presumably, in heap B; according 
i Cf. Turner, Figs, 102-103, p. 292. 
