73 
suggests that grooving and breaking were the processes used in cutting off 
the teeth both of the beavers and woodchucks, in making the carving 
knives described on page 57. 
The short piece of walrus ivory illustrated in figure 13 is grooved 
from two opposite sides, apparently preparatory to breaking it into two 
pieces. The two severed pieces would each have a surface similar to that 
shown in figure 12. It was grooved with an instrument that left a rather 
fiat or wide-bottomed groove. The left side is apparently partly the natural 
surface of the tusk, partly whittled, and the lower part of it is chipped 
or broken away. The right side is also chipped or broken away. The upper 
end is battered, this battering probably accounting for part of the chipping 
on the sides. The piece of walrus ivory illustrated in figure 12 shows a 
surface made by longitudinal grooving more than a third of the way through 
the tusk on each side and breaking the remaining part of the ivory. The 
reverse is apparently the natural surface of the tusk, and the only other 
surface is broken across. 
Drilling. Although there are holes, gouged out as with a knife, 
in several of the objects found here, drilling is not exemplified by anything 
which the writer found. No drills chipped from stone, or tubes suitable 
for hollow drills, were seen. The refuse from this process, except cores, 
is too minute to be determined. No results were found of drilling, either 
with a drill point chipped from stone, which leaves perforations tapering 
from the end from which it was drilled, or with a hollow drill, which makes 
a nearly straight-sided bore and in some cases leaves a core. 
Perforating. Perforating was apparently done by gouging, with 
small or sharp-pointed specimens such as the knives described on pages 36, 
57, and 61. No refuse from the process was found, so that it must have 
been very small. Holes, however, may be seen in the fragment of pottery 
illustrated on Plate IX, figure 5, in the bone harpoon points (Plate VI, 
figures 10-13), the bone needles (Plate XVII, figures 18-20), the pottery 
stamp or pendant made of bone or antler (Plate XIX, figure 19), in the 
pendants made of bear canines illustrated on Plate XIX, figures 5-7, or the 
pendant made of an incisor of a moose illustrated on Plate XIX, figure 8. 
Punching. Punching was employed as a process, as is shown by 
the pits in some of the fragments of pottery pitted on the outside before 
firing (Plate X, figure 2, and Plate XI, figure 3). 
Chipping. Chipping was the process by which points and scrapers 
were made of stone, and work on some celts was begun. A few pieces of 
bone, and a canine tooth of a bear, also show results of this process. Ham- 
merstones (page 51 and Plate XIV) were probably the tools used for 
chipping. The one short, pin -shaped object made of antler, battered 
and splintered on one end, but dome-shaped on the other (page 57, and 
Plate XVI, figure 6), was possibly used with a hammer for chipping stone. 
If so, it was struck on the end instead of being used as a flaker with lateral 
pressure. Chips of stone, the refuse from this process, were common 
but not as numerous as in some places. Two are illustrated on Plate III, 
figures 5,6. Chipping is seen on the unfinished or rejected chipped objects 
on Plate III, figures 7, 8, and on the chipped points in figures 10-15 and 
