80 
Dice. No objects surely identified as dice were found, although a 
Micmac game called Indian dice is said to have survived from prehistoric 
times; it is played with six marked bone or walrus ivory disks. Another 
well-known surviving game is also played with disks similarly marked 1 . 
No objects were found similar to those known to have been used in a game 
like jack straws, which the Indians 2 claim has survived from prehistoric 
times. The astragalus bone of ungulates may have been used as a die. 
Ring-and-Pin Game. Toe bones of the moose, perforated through 
the far articulation and cut off around the near end, were probably used 
in a game resembling ring-and-pin, since two specimens, apparently 
unfinished objects of this kind, were found. One (Plate XIX, figure 12) 
has a long conical pit gouged in the far end which does not extend through 
to the hollow interior. Otherwise the bone is natural. Another (figure 13) 
has a hole gouged in the far end, but shows no other signs of work. These 
two are the only objects made of toe bones found in the shell-heaps, al- 
though such objects made of the toe bones of deer are more common 
than those made of toe bones of any other animal in some other places 
such as Roebuck, Ontario, Ohio 3 , and Mayslick, Kentucky 4 . The fact 
that the modern Micmacs sometimes use a bundle of pine twigs 6 for the 
ring in this game may explain why so few of these objects made of bone 
were found. 
Some of the bone awls described on page 64 (Plate XVII, figures 3-10), 
especially those bearing art work (Plate XIX, figures 16, 17), may have 
been used in connexion with these toe bones for the pin. The toe bone 
or bones representing the ring may have been tossed up and caught on 
the point of an awl, as among the modern Montagnais. These toe bones 
may be compared with others drilled, cut, and notched which are known 
to have been used in the game among the Algonkin, Athabaskan, and 
Siouan tribes. However, the same general game, but with some sub- 
stitute for the toe bones, is widely distributed in America, as described 
by Culin (page 527). The number of toe bones used in the game, which 
is played both for stakes and as a child’s amusement, is not constant. 
Manufacture of Toe Bone Objects. The manufacture of these toe 
bone objects is only partly illustrated by the specimens found, although 
the method used in Kentucky 6 is well illustrated by specimens found there. 
Flakes of stone (Plate III, figure 6) and points chipped from stone (figurelO), 
either of which could have been used for cutting off the near end of the 
bones, were common. No drill points chipped from stone like those 
found in Kentucky or otherwise made were found, and the conical holes 
in the far articulation of the two specimens found seem not to have been 
drilled but gouged out, as they were in most of the objects of this kind 
found at Roebuck, Ontario. Flakes of stone were, probably, used for goug- 
ing the perforation in the far end of the bone. The completed object, made 
of the toe bone by cutting off the near end and perforating the far end, 
was not found. 
1 Cf. Piers (a), p. 109. 
3 Idem, p. 110. 
®Cf, Mills (a), p. 58. 
* Cf. Smith (a), p. 209. 
* Cf. Culin, p. 528. 
* Cf. Smith ia). p. 210. 
