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state, but the side edges are pecked. It has a good cutting edge. Both 
faces are encrusted with iron rust, possibly from contact with iron ore, 
pieces of which were found in the shell-heap. Figure 3 illustrates the 
poll end of a polished adze made of argillaceous slate. It is pentagonal 
in cross-section. Marks of pecking are visible on the front, possibly 
from use as a hammer after it became broken. Two other polished pieces 
of stone found here may also be fragments of celts or adzes. 
Double-bitted Adzes or Chisels. The small, thin chisel, roughly chipped 
from grey stone (figure 4), has a cutting edge at each end. Possibly the 
cutting edge at the narrow end was made after the edge at the other end 
was broken. A double-bitted celt, in the Patterson collection, Dalhousie 
University, Halifax, was found at Backman beach, about 5 miles across 
the bay. 
Manufacture of Stone Celts and Adzes. Forty pieces of stone in process 
of manufacture into celts and adzes were found. Twenty-seven are 
fragmentary, but the ultimate form can be recognized in all but three 
pieces. A large, thick piece of stone (Plate XXVIII, figure 5) shows 
what was probably the preliminary stage in the manufacture of a stone 
celt or adze. Continuation of the process of breaking and chipping shown 
in this specimen would have resulted in a form like that seen in figure 6, 
which has as yet no indication of a cutting edge. The specimen on Plate 
XXIX, figure 1, shows another step in advance, the blade being chipped 
thin in preparation for grinding a cutting edge. Figure 2 illustrates 
another piece similarly chipped to approximate form, and which in addition 
shows signs of battering or pecking. Small beach stones that approxi- 
mated celts or adzes in shape and required only some chipping and grinding 
to produce a cutting edge were sometimes utilized (figures 3 and 4). 
Celts or Chisels Made of Antler. There were no celts or chisels made 
of antler, unless one of the artifacts (Plate XXX, figure 1) discussed under 
wedges can be regarded as such. 
Stone Gouges. No gouges were found, but two knobbed stone gouges 
in the Des Brisay collection, in the Provincial Museum, Halifax, are said 
to have come from Lunenburg county. 
Grooved Stone Axes. No grooved stone axes were found here, but 
Mr. Edmund Zwicker found two on his farm near Oakland, about half a 
mile from the shell-heap. 
Hammerstones. The writer found five specimens which were used 
as hammers, four being rounded beach pebbles of reddish quartzite. One 
of these (Plate XXX, figure 3) is battered from use on the sides and ends. 
Another much smaller specimen has its entire periphery more or less bat- 
tered. The hammer illustrated in figure 4 is a small, irregular piece of 
quartz, which is considerably battered, probably from use in chipping 
or pecking. None of the hammers was pitted or grooved. 
Knives. The leaf-shaped points considered under “Securing of 
Food,” and illustrated on Plate XXIII, figures 1-6, may have been used 
as points for men’s knives. The notched points for arrows and almost 
any sharp piece of chert or other siliceous stone, however, could be used 
on occasion for cutting purposes. 
