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TOOLS USED BY WOMEN 
Tools used by women consist only of stone blades for skin scrapers, 
a possible draw-shave skin scraper of bone, bone awls, bone needles, and 
a possible cord-smoother of stone. 
Scrapers. Blades for scrapers were the most numerous of the arti- 
facts chipped from stone. Forty-four were found. Three were chipped 
from chert, five from chalcedony, nineteen from jasper, sixteen from 
quartz, and one from quartzite. They are all of the plano-convex type 
( See profile on Plate XXXI, figure 9) with a scraping edge chipped to a 
more or less semicircular form. Some are made from chips of suitable 
form (figure 1) by merely chipping the widest end into a serviceable shape 
(figures 2-5, 9), whereas others (figures 6-8) show a little more work. A 
few chips (figure 5) seem to have been selected because they were more or 
less triangular, the attenuated end being suitable for insertion into some 
sort of a handle. The scrapers range in size from one (figure 8) \ inch long 
and f inch wide to the large one seen in figure 6, which is If inches long, 
and the same width. The thickness varies from less than i to pg- inch. 
The scraping edge of only one specimen (figure 6) shows any signs of wear. 
Draw-shave Scraper or Beaming Tool. We found part of what may 
have been a beaming tool used in tanning. It is the proximal end of a 
metacarpus of a moose (Cat. No. VIII-B-338), with the thickness of the 
articular end reduced by cutting or rubbing. The rest of the remaining 
part of one side of the shaft is slightly polished and, as is suggested by longi- 
tudinal striae, has been scraped with a knife or scraper. 
Awls. Sixteen awls made of bone were found, of which thirteen are 
fragmentary. One (Plate XXXI, figure 12) is merely a sharpened splinter 
of bird bone. Four specimens, two of which are illustrated in figures 14 
and 18, are made from the splint bones of the moose. The specimen seen 
in figure 13 is made from the leg bone of some small mammal, the broken 
articular end forming a good handle. Another specimen appears to have 
been made from a bone of a small cetacean or shark. The fragmentary 
awl illustrated in figure 11 is extremely slender, being only about one- 
eighth of an inch in diameter. The smoothly finished awls were originally 
well shaped, especially that illustrated in figure 17. Only one ornamented 
awl was found (figure 18). The middle third part was rubbed until rec- 
tangular in cross-section, with the side shown in the illustration slightly 
convex. The size of the articular end was reduced by rubbing. The 
greater part of this awl was originally polished. 
A double-pointed bone artifact (Plate XXIII, figure 13), and another 
(figure 15), described under “Securing of Food,” were possibly also used 
as awls. 
Copper Awls. No awls made of copper were found here, although a 
specimen, now in the Provincial Museum, Halifax, was collected at Back- 
man beach. Another was found by Mr. C. H. Mills near Chester Basin, 
about 9 miles to the northeast. 
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