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forwards along the shore studying the writer at a distance of 300 or 400 
yards. Several times they came much closer and then bolted away again. 
The writer then halloed, cat-called, laughed, and whistled, as a result 
they exhibited a strong tendency to flee but because of their curiosity still 
were loath to go. Finally, they struck out over the lake in a wide detour, 
stopping every few minutes to gaze back, until they were lost among the 
islands. 
On the great tundra bordering Koukjuak river, bulls were approached 
within short distances, by merely standing still in an upright position 
while they looked about, and walking forward when they grazed. Even 
with all their fears aroused, they will sometimes circle closer than when 
first frightened. 
While sailing among the islands in the eastern part of Nettilling lake, 
in September, 1925, numerous solitary males were observed and some of 
them were greatly frightened at the sight of the sail boat, but others were 
more curious than frightened. Several trotted parallel with the shore 
for a few hundred yards to keep the craft in sight, and one fine stag ran 
for nearly a mile abreast of the boat. 
During the summer the males are solitary or wander in twos and 
threes or, less commonly, in little bands. At this time they were never 
observed to fight among themselves. Real combats occur only at the time 
of rutting season, which begins in early October and is at its height during 
the last half of the month. At this period the bulls have many pitched 
battles for the possession of the females, which are accompanied then by 
calves and in some cases by yearlings. Hantzsch (1913, p. 146) noted 
some tendency in mid-September for caribou of both sexes and different 
ages to mix together. During late autumn and throughout the winter 
animals of both sexes and all ages congregate in large herds. In April 
the herds begin to break up, the males and females becoming almost if 
not entirely separated. The calves are born in late June. The earliest 
observed by Hantzsch was seen on June 30 near Tikerakdjuak point, 
Nettilling, and was described by him as being “quite young”. The first 
fawns taken by the writer were secured August 26, 1925, at the mouth of 
Amadjuak river, and August 31, 1925, at Koukjuak river. The earliest 
foetus was noted on February 15, and was 7 inches long and well formed. 
The antlers of the male are shed in December and January and new 
antlers begin to appear in late April. On May 8, at Nettilling lake, the 
stubs of the new antlers of the males were from 4 to 6 inches long. The rate 
of growth of the antlers is very rapid. On June 17, two males, with velvet- 
covered beams 17 and 23 inches long, respectively, were killed. A male 
shot on August 6 had well-formed, though not fully grown, antlers carrying 
the full compliment of points. The height of these was 42 inches, and 
the spread 26 inches. The antlers are nearly full grown by late August, 
but the points are still in many cases somewhat soft and pulpy. By the 
first days of September the velvet begins shedding from the beams, and 
matured lower points. Hantzsch first noticed loss of velvet on August 28. 
With manjq the antlers are not wholly cleared of velvet until after the 
middle of September. Adult females do not shed their antlers until long 
after the bucks, that is, until the spring of the year, probably not, before 
May. Many likely do not lose them until after the calves are born in 
June. Shortly after the new antler, growth begins and appears to reach 
maturity at about the same time as that of the males, or somewhat later; 
