I 
13 
Arcus senilis occurred in all neighbourhoods, and frequently 'at an 
early age; the five youngest persons to present this condition being of 
ages 21, 30, 34, 35, and 35 years. It was more com.mon at Island lake, 
where twelve males and four females were affected, than at Gods lake or 
Oxford House, where there were three and one respectively. Distinct 
from arcus senilis was a condition I had not seen before; nam^ely, one in 
which the parts of the cornea that would noimally be overlapped by the 
lids, even when the eyes are open, were hazy and grey.^ This was not 
uncommon even among children in their teens. U 
Pterygium, with or without parnus, both of which are relatively 
common among the Indians of Manitoba, likewise occurred in all neigh- 
bourhoods, and was noticed i n seven Island Lake, two Gods Lake, and five 
Oxford House, Indians. Pig mented conjunctivse of a yellowish or muddy- 
yellow colour were more in e vidence at Island lake than elsewhere. 
It was the rule, and n ot the exception, to find teeth so closely crowded 
together that they overla pped each other. The lower incisors were most 
frequently involved, the u pper incisors less frequently, and in a few cases 
the canine and even the first pre- molars were out of aline men t. This 
early arrested my attenti on, for one was naturally surprised to find such 
a condition amongst a pe ople who lead a primitive type of life; in w^hom 
one expects the teeth to be sound and well-spaced. The records of this 
are not complete, but it is definitely noted that overlapping occurred in 
50 of 82 Island Lake adu It males; 13 of 24 of Gods Lake, and 33 of 59 
of Oxford House; in 72 of 116 adult females of Island lake and 28 of 36 
of Gods lake. It was, mor eover, quite common amongst those under twenty 
years of age. Certainly, then, well over 60 per cent of all adults had 
crowded and overlapping front teeth, and the overlapping was generally 
of no mild degree. One m.an (I.L. 105) had an impacted third lower 
molar and one man (I.L. 104) had a double (median or lateral?) upper 
incisor, one being placed behind the other. Shovel-shaped teeth were 
seen, but were not systematically examined for. ’ 
The palate was comm only highly arched. In many, the rugae on the 
pre-maxillary portion of the palate were of very unusual prominence. 
The posterior half of one man’s palate was cleft (O.H. 28). \ t- j f ^ 
The tongue tended to be large and to bear on its sides the impressions 
of the teeth. s \ 
The digital formula* w as, in all but three cases, of the primitive type, 
i.e., the middle finger is t he longest, or m*ost projecting, then in succeeding 
order of length or proje ction come the ring, the index, the little finger, 
andthethumb. The form ula would thus read 3> 4 >2>5> 1. Intwolsland 
Lake men (I.L. 33 and 3 9), the index and the ring fingers w'ere of equal 
length (on the left side), thus giving a formula 3>2 = 4>5>1, though on 
the right side the ring fi ngers were, as usual, longer than the index. In 
only one man (I.L. 104) was the index finger longer than the ring, thus 
giving a formula 3>2> 4>5>1. This applied to both of his hands. 
Unless the left hand was one of the three exceptional ones noted above, 
the right hand was not inspected. 
I r 
1 Wood, Jonea; Arboreal Man. London, 1918, p. 75. j 
Wood, Jones; “The Principles ol Anatomy as Seen in the Hand.” London, 1920; p. 20. , 
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