18 
BRITISH BEETLES. 
appendage present, which is often reduced to a wart-like 
prominence, and which in many instances serves as 
a “ proleg,” or additional organ of locomotion ; the 
apical segment is usually terminated by two appen- 
dages of greater or less length, and often jointed, 
called “cerci.” 
The pupa is generally soft, and formed underground, 
often in a cell or case ; but many peculiarities in the 
early conditions of species will bo noticed hereafter, 
when the families in which they occur are described. It 
may be here stated that the best way to rear either the 
larvae or pupae of beetles is to endeavour to keep them 
in as nearly as possible the same condition, &c., as that 
in which they are found. They should not be kept 
in-doors, but exposed to the natural temperature ; and 
are best kept in large porous earthenware vessels, con- 
taining damp earth, &c., and covered either with glass 
or perforated zinc. Larvae, however, are hard to rear, 
as they live for so long a time, in some cases nearly 
three years. 
Want of space prevents us from detailing the nume- 
rous interesting points of the internal anatomical 
structure in the Coleoptera : these will be found dis- 
cussed in any of the more detailed works relating to 
the order; there are present a distinct alimentary 
canal (with a mouth and vent) which dilates in the 
carnivorous beetles to form a gizzard ; a circulatory 
system consisting of a heart, or an organ answering to 
a heart, divided into several chambers arranged 
longitudinally and opening one into another ; a nervous 
system .variable but usually formed of a series of ganglia 
or nervous centres united by one or two cords of 
nerve; and a respiratory system made up of the 
