THE I.AMELUOORNIA, OR “CHAFERS.” 15] 
The larva of the stag-beetle takes about four years 
before it assumes the pupa state ; it is very large and 
fleshy, 'of a semi-transparent yellowish white colour, 
with a large reddish head. It is peculiar on account 
of the anterior part of its body exhibiting certain 
slight transverse folds, a character at variance with 
its allies. When mature, it forms a cocoon of chips, 
in which it undergoes its final metamorphoses ; the 
pupa exhibiting the parts of the future perfect insect, 
— which, when disclosed, appears to remain quiet for 
some time before coming into outer air. The larva 
feeds in the solid wood, usually near the bark, and 
reduces it to a sort of tan : it has been considered to 
be the “ Cossus ” of the Romans. 
An allied but much smaller species, Do reus p avail e- 
lopipedus (Plate VIII., Fig. 4), has each eye almost 
divided into two by a similar structure. It is flat, 
parallel, and very stoutly built, looking as if a broad- 
wheeled waggon had gone over it without inflicting 
any particular damage beyond a slight compression. 
Its male and female have been observed in company, 
digging holes in dead trees wherein the latter might 
deposit her eggs. 
Sinodendron, found in the rotten mould of old ash 
and birch trees, is more elongate and cylindrical, with 
its eyes entire. In the fully developed male there is a 
stout horn on the head, bent backwards, and hairy 
behind ; the thorax, also, is semicircularly truncated 
in front, with a rounded tooth in the middle, aud the 
margin of the truncation denticulated. In the female 
the head bears a tubercle, and the thorax, which is 
very coarsely punctured, has a slight depression ii> 
front. 
