IV 
Page 
Poles of the Eagle phratry 133 
(44) Poles of Qawq, at Kitwanga 133 
(45) Poles of Tewalasu, at Kitwanga 138 
(46) Poles of Sqaya;n, at Kitwanga 140 
Other poles 143 
(47) Pole of Beenee, at Hagwelget 143 
(48) Pole of Anklawrh, at Hagwelget 145 
(49) Poles and house paintings at Qaldo. 146 
(50) Poles and house paintings at Ksgagas 148 
(51) Poles at Hag\velget 149 
(52) Poles at Kitwanga 150 
digests 
List of villages with number of totem poles in each village 150 
Gitksan social organization 151 
Tribes 151 
Phratries 152 
Clans 152 
Families 153 
Conclusion 153 
Gitksan clans and their origins 153 
Clans of the Frog-Raven or Larhsail phratry 153 
Clans of the Fireweed phratry 154 
Clans of the Wolf phratry 155 
Eagle phratry. 156 
Summary 157 
Gitksan crests as illustrated on totem poles, classified list according to type 158 
Quadrupeds 158 
Birds 161 
Fish 163 
Reptile 164 
Plants and trees 164 
Sky and other phenomena 164 
Insects 165 
Monsters with animal features 165 
Human-like beings and spirits 165 
Semi-mythical or liistorical ancestors, and people or objects associated with 
them 167 
Objects, devices, masks 167 
People 169 
Totals 169 
Crests, classified according to their origins as claimed by their owners 172 
Crests inherited in the maternal line and explained in a myth 172 
Crests that commemorate pseudo-historical events in traditions 173 
Crests obtained by conquest of enemies in traditions. 173 
Crests acquired from other owners as compensation for a crime 173 
Crests acquired from owners in compensation for services, or in trade, or 
through the extinction of a family 173 
Crests that first were personal spirit-names or narhnawks, or masks 174 
Devices 175 
Unaccounted for 175 
Cre.sts that are signatures of carvers 175 
Origins of crests explained in myths {ada-orh) and traditions 175 
A spirit or monster “seen” in the course of a supernatural experience 175 
A spirit or monster “seen” and killed in the course of a supernatural experi- 
ence 176 
A spirit or monster who kidnapped an ancestor and was killed 176 
Crests illustrative of family myths 177 
Crests illustrative of experiences in war 177 
Carvers of totem poles and poles carved by them 178 
Gitwinlkul carvers 178 
Nass River carvers 180 
