112 
From this it seems clear that Hawaao, at the time when he was in 
seclusion, must have visited the village of the Eagles down the river, 
presumably at Kitsalas, and secured the use of some of their crests in some 
way; for the Kitsalas Eagle families to the present day own both the Salmon 
and the Eagle as chief emblems. Moreover, there is reference in their 
myths to the adoption of the Snag as a crest f^See Weegyet, page 106). As 
the Eagle phratry had not spread to the upper Gitksan,^ Hawaao encoun- 
tered no difficulty in the adoption of an eagle crest within the Wolf phratry. 
This process of transferring Eagle crests out of their original frame was 
also resorted to by the Havens and the Fireweeds of the Gitksan, as we 
may see elsewhere. 
The crest of the Tail-hat ( Kaodem-gyet ) was adopted at a fairly recent 
date. A member of this family^ was killed by a Nass River man, presum- 
ably of the family of Nees-tsawl, of the Wolf phratry at Gitwinksilk; and 
the crest of the Tall-hat was given as a compensation for the murder. 
This conical hat, as used in festivals, was made of wood, and a human face 
was painted on it. 
FUNCTION 
The pole of the Tall-hat was erected fifty or sixty years ago, presumably 
in memory of Gwarh-skyiek. 
That of Garment-of-Eagle was erected to honour the memory of 
Tsugyet, a chief in the family of SqabseV over twenty years ago.'* 
CARVER 
The older of the two poles was the work of either Wawsem-larhse, or 
of Kyalk, both of the Fireweed phratry, in the same village. 
The second is ascribed, by an informant, to Rainems, of the Larhsail 
phratry at Gitwinlkul; or, according to another, to Tsugyet, of the Wolf, 
at Kispayaks. The first of the two opinions is preferable here.® The 
chain of human figures here is represented with remarkable skill and excel- 
lence. The technique in its chief characteristic is that of the Gitwinlkul 
and Nass River craftsmen. 
(33) Pole of Spawrh, at Gitenmaks (Hazel ton) 
OWNERS 
Spawrh belongs to an outstanding clan of the Wolf phratry, the Prairie 
(Larhwiyip / clan, the ramifications of which extend to the three Tsimsyan 
nations. His foremost relatives abroad are Skateen, of Ayansh,^ on the 
Undeed it appears independently only once in the Gitksan nation, that is their lowest village on the Skeena — 
Kitwauga. 
^According to Kweeyaihl, John Brown, of Kispayaks. 
“As Brown termed it, "It was not a grave," but a memorial. 
‘Brown believed it to have been erected about fifteen years after the first pole. 
‘Because a carver of another phratry must be employed for the work, John Brown who gave the name of 
Tsuget for that of the carver showed that his memory in such respects was very often at fault. 
*On-wide-open (place). 
^here are other related families of the same clan at Gitrhatin, on the Nass. 
