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the Tsetsaut, and led them into an ambush where they were defeated. 
The armour was retained in his family (that of Luus) both as a trophy and 
a crest. Here it is represented as the Standing-bear. 
FUNCTION AND CAKVER 
The totem pole of KsemqaqhP was erected from forty to fifty years 
ago, in memory of Amagyet, the head-chief of this group in Kispayaks, 
by his heir (William Ellis), who then assumed the same name. The carver 
was Haqu, of the Larhsail phratry at Kispayaks. The positions of the 
hands in the higher human-like figures are varied and interesting. 
(42) Poles of Arhteeh, at Kitwanga 
OWNERS 
The elan of which Arhteeh is a member may be termed Gitrhandakhl , 
from the name of the village at the headwaters of Kalem river, where 
his ancestors lived long ago. 
The Nass, to the north, seems to have been the birthplace of this clan. 
The family of Ness-yawqt, at Gitlarhdamks, may belong to the ancestral 
stock; its crests and other privileges being considered analogous. The 
headwaters of the Kalem, besides, are situated close to the Nass, and the 
names of their geographic features are said to be in the Nisrse dialect. 
The two Wolf households under Wudiwiy®, of the Gitsemrselem tribe, 
among the Skeena River Tsimsyan, are the direct descendants of the same 
ancestors, on their ancient territories. An unusual relationship between 
them and the families of Hrpeesunt and Hpenawn, of the Raven phratry, 
was formed while both groups still lived together on upper Kalem river. 
A mutual exchange of privileges is known to have resulted. Some of 
these still characterize the Wolf clan of Gitrhandakhl and serve to keep it 
apart from other clans, the origin of which on the Nass was presumably 
the same in the indefinite past. 
The three Wolf families immediately under Arhteeh at Kitwanga 
are those of Hrpeeharhae, Tenemgyet, and Hlawts; the name of Arhteeh 
at the front rank being only of recent date. Although their three house- 
holds belong to the same clan, their separation seems to have taken place 
long ago, according to traditional accounts. In the course of an ancient 
migration, Hrpeeharhse is said to have met Tenemgyet at a point known 
as Round-bluff-island (Kunekstwt ), on the Skeena. Their families amal- 
gamated, and from that moment passed out of the Tsimsyan nation into 
that of the Gitksan. Kalagwaw, of their family, went out to his former 
home on Kalem river, at a later date, killed a relative named Weehlawts, 
and conquered his hunting grounds and other possessions. The name of 
Weehlawts also passed to his family, thereafter to become that of a house- 
hold chief among the Gitksan. 
The close relationship between Arhteeh, on the one hand, and, on 
the other, 'Waws and Kurhwawq, two chiefs of the Carriers at Hagwelget, 
throws further light on the history of this clan. Arhteeh’s family, taken as 
*An informant called it “the pole of Kwawdeks-kyadet,” another name tor the same family head. 
